Impact of different sampling rates on precise point positioning performance using online processing service

In this study, the effect of different sampling rates (i.e. observation recording interval) on the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solutions in terms of accurac...     

High resolution micromill sampling for analysis of fish otoliths by ICP-MS: effects of sampling and specimen preparation on trace element fingerprints

Otoliths are calcified structures in the head of fish that record environmental information about fish's life history. Gathering the elemental information from the core of an otolith corresponding to the juvenile period of fish's life is critical to discriminate the adult fish to their natal habitats reliably. A high resolution micromill has been used to isolate the otolith core from a whole otolith for elemental analysis. The effects of micromilling procedures (e.g., sectioning, embedding and drilling) on contamination to otolith trace element levels were examined using paired blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) otoliths. Otoliths were decontaminated by dilute hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid throughout to remove surface contamination. A preconcentration procedure was used to determine the trace elements from the small core material by ICP-MS. It was found that micromilling procedures introduce significant contamination to otoliths, especially for Al, Cu, Pb and Zn. The sectioning procedure caused significant contamination for Co and Cu, while the embedding procedure resulted in contamination for nearly all trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Ga, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn). The combined sectioning, embedding and drilling procedure also resulted in contamination for most trace elements. Despite the contamination across all procedural steps, the decontamination procedure effectively removed the surface contamination with the exception of Pb and Zn. Bias (e.g., residual contamination) on Pb was small in comparison to overall concentration of Pb expected to occur in fish otoliths, therefore, its effect may be minor in discriminating individuals. Bias on Zn was larger that could limit its application in discriminating individuals.     

The role of water mass dynamics in controlling bacterial abundance and production in the middle Adriatic Sea

Month-to-month fluctuations in the abundance of bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and bacterial production, as well as various chemical (nutrients, oxygen) and physical (salinity, temperature) parameters were analysed at a station located in the open middle Adriatic Sea during one decade (1997-2006). Being influenced by both coastal waters and open Adriatic circulation in the surface layer, and by the deep Adriatic water masses in the deep layers (100 m), this station is quite suitable for detecting the environmental changes occurring in the open Adriatic Sea with respect to the circulation of its water masses and their long-term changes and anomalies. Multivariate methods were used to identify seasonal and inter-annual changes of the investigated parameters, associating observed changes to the changes in Adriatic water masses and circulation regimes. The analyses showed that bacterial abundance and production were controlled by different water mass dynamics during 1997-2001 compared to 2002-2006 period, particularly noticeable in different seasonal patterns of biological parameters. The interplay between North Adriatic Dense Water (NAdDW) and Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) resulted in a change in the available nutrients (NAdDW is poor in orthophosphates), and as a consequence different bacterial abundance and production. A few periods were examined in detail, such as 2004, when LIW inflow was particularly strong and was accompanied by an increase of bacterial and HNF abundances, as well as of bacterial production.     

Measuring species richness on sandy beach transects: extrapolative estimators and their implications for sampling effort

Species richness is a measure that is fundamental to many studies in ecology, and it is particularly important on sandy beaches, where it underlies patterns described by the broadly accepted swash exclusion hypothesis. However, its estimation in practice is problematic. This has led ecologists in other fields to adopt extrapolative estimators of species richness, which project the total number of species present in a habitat by adjusting upward the number of species observed by an amount related to the number of rare species encountered in the samples. In so doing, the species richness can be estimated, with confidence intervals, at any level of sampling effort. Despite the availability and advantages of these methods, beach ecologists have continued to use the observed species richness as a point estimate of biodiversity for beaches. Here, we employ a Monte Carlo resampling approach over a range of routine transect designs used to sample sandy beaches, and evaluate the performance of seven non-parametric extrapolative estimators for species richness relative to that of the more conventionally used observed species richness. We find that the first-order Jackknife estimator (Jack 1) is the least biased, most accurate and most consistent across sites. Employing this estimator would allow accurate estimation of species richness on short (tens of metres) stretches of beach without exceeding the acceptable levels of sampling effort (4–5 m²). Spreading this effort evenly over three across-shore transects, each with a minimum of 13 equally spaced levels seems appropriately efficient. Although a greater number of research studies is required to ascertain the generality of these results beyond the beaches we sampled, we tentatively recommend the application of our results in biodiversity surveys on sandy beaches.     

Nautilus矿业公司SMS勘探中采用的取样技术与装备

海底大块状硫化物(SMS)富含铜、锌、铅等金属,特别是富含贵金属金、银,引起了国际采矿业的浓厚兴趣。近年来,以澳大利亚Nautilus矿业公司为先驱代表的国际大型资源开发商和投资商已介入海底多金属硫化物的商业化开采。文中介绍了Nautilus公司在巴布亚新几内亚专属经济区针对海底块状硫化物矿床开展的一系列以商业开采为目的的勘探取样活动,详细介绍了勘探中所采用的基本方法与技术,并重点对其地质调查中所应用的拖网挖掘取样、ROV海底表面取样、大洋钻探船岩芯取样和专门开发的ROV岩芯钻探取样的装备、取样结果及作业效率进行了较为系统全面地介绍。     

Impacts of maintenance channel dredging in a northern Adriatic coastal lagoon. II: Effects on macrobenthic assemblages in channels and ponds

Coastal lagoons are ephemeral habitats whose conservation requires human intervention, such as maintenance dredging of inner channels. Dredging can reduce the abundance of benthic species due to the removal of individuals with the sediment, modify sediment properties, and resuspend fine sediment, nutrients and pollutants, which can lead to eutrophication, hypoxic events and increasing toxicity. Both direct effects in the dredged channel and possible indirect effects in surrounding shallow areas could be expected. This study assesses the effects of the channel maintenance dredging, performed between October 2004 and August 2005, on the invertebrate assemblages both in channels and adjacent ponds in the northern Adriatic coastal lagoon of Pialassa Baiona. The lagoon is affected by eutrophication, chemical and thermal pollution from wastewater treatment and power plants. Three impacted sites were located in the dredged channel and three in the adjacent interconnected shallow water ponds, while three non-impacted sites were located in a channel and in a pond far from the dredged area. Replicate samples were collected from each site one time before and one time after the dredging operations. Despite the extent of the intervention, effects of the dredging on macrobenthic assemblages were detected only within the dredged channel, while in the surrounding ponds no clear and unequivocal effects were found. In particular the dredging could have promoted the increase of the abundance of the polychaete Streblospio shrubsolii in the southern and central parts of the dredged channel and the increase in abundance of the amphipod Corophium insidiosum in the northern side, compared to the controls. Instead, species diversity was reduced in the central and northern parts of the dredged channel. These effects on the macrobenthic invertebrate assemblages could be related to the observed changes of sediment characteristics, contamination and toxicity. Overall, direct effects on benthic assemblages in the dredged channels were more detectable than the possible secondary effects in the surrounding shallow ponds, where the higher spatial heterogeneity can mask any relevant effects.     

Impacts of maintenance channel dredging in a northern Adriatic coastal lagoon. I: Effects on sediment properties,contamination and toxicity

Conservation and management of coastal lagoons envisage direct human intervention. To prevent siltation and to preserve the hydrodynamics features of the lagoon system, the inner channels undergo regular maintenance dredging.     

地层测试评价仪在渤海油田的应用

电缆地层测试是求取储层流体性质、进行储层评价最为直接的方法之一。地层测试评价仪（FET）是国产新一代地层测试评价仪器,不仅可以精确测量地层压力并根据压力剖面确定地层流体类型和油气水界面,而且在目的层取样时可以抽排污染流体、实时检测地层流体特性,对确定地层流体性质和分析流体成分起到了重要作用,同时它也可以计算地层渗透率,进行储层产能预测。通过在渤海油田的成功应用,简单介绍FET的基本工作原理和主要用途,重点论述其优越性和局限性,以及在渤海油田成功应用的典型实例,这对FET在其它油田的推广应用具有参考意义。     

高效非损伤性扇贝DN A提取方法的建立及效果评价

本研究建立了一种高效、经济的非损伤性扇贝DNA提取方法,在不影响扇贝个体生存状态的前提下,采用擦拭法和室温裂解相结合的方式在20 min内即可获得个体基因组DNA。以虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)为实验对象,研究了不同擦拭材料(棉签、滤纸)和不同擦拭部位(外套膜、鳃丝、内脏团)的核酸提取效果,评估了本方法在贝类基因分型领域应用的可行性。研究表明,用棉签、滤纸2种材料擦拭扇贝的鳃丝、内脏团或外套膜组织均能获得主带清晰完整的基因组DNA,且不影响扇贝的存活状态。在3种扇贝中采用棉签擦拭法的DNA得率均高于滤纸法,以这2种方式获得的DNA为模板进行SSR和SNP标记分析,能获得均一稳定的扩增条带,SSR标记分型结果准确可靠。本研究建立了简便、快速进行扇贝基因型分析的非损伤性DNA提取方法,为贝类全基因组选育和珍稀贝类资源的种质保护开发提供了新的技术手段。     

“海龙Ⅲ”号ROV系统深海试验与应用研究

深海水下机器人主要用于深远海地质、矿物资源和生物调查研究,以及海洋石油工程服务等水下综合作业,能够实现深海近底高精度、长时间的定点取样作业及其他精细化调查。结合国内外深海ROV装备和技术发展现状,以新研发的6 000 m级"海龙Ⅲ"号ROV搭载"大洋一号"船执行的2018年南海综合海试和48航次为例,从深海试验流程和方法、浅水区功能测试、深水区功能测试、深海观测及取样功能测试等方面,详细阐述了ROV海上试验和应用作业过程,对作业水深、功率配置、水下运动能力、搭载能力等关键性能指标进行了试验验证。海上功能测试和试验性应用结果表明,"海龙Ⅲ"ROV各项性能指标满足设计要求,验证了系统在不同深度、不同地形条件下的观测取样作业能力,创新了深水ROV作业方法手段,分析得出此类装备目前在国内发展存在的不足之处,并结合实际应用提出后期改进计划,以期为深海ROV的海试应用提供技术参考。