A Note on Extension Variances in IR2

Matheron (1971) proposed an approximation of the extension variance in IR. We propose in this note an extension of this formula in IR ² , based on a MacLaurin formula. Its application is shown in an example, the estimation of the maximum depressional storage of a soil surface.     

The influence of a stratified rheology on the flexural response of the lithosphere to (un)loading by extensional faulting

We present a two-layered finite difference model for the flexural response of the lithosphere to extensional faulting. The model allows for three modes of flexure: (1) fully coupled, with the upper crust and mantle welded together by the lower crust; (2) fully decoupled, with the upper crust and mantle behaving as independent layers; and (3) partly decoupled, signifying that the response of the upper crust to small-wavelength loads is superimposed on the response of the entire lithosphere to long-wavelength loads. Which of these modes of flexure is to be expected depends on the rheology and especially the thermal state of the lithosphere. Coupled behaviour is related to a cold and strong lithosphere. The Baikal Rift Zone provides a typical example for this mode of flexure. A fully decoupled lithosphere is an exceptional case, related to anomalous high temperatures in the lower crust, and is observed in the Basin and Range province. The most common case is a partly decoupled lithosphere, with the degree of decoupling depending on the thickness and viscosity of the lower crust. This is inferred, for example, for the Bay of Biscay margin.     

镁铁岩脉侵位机制及伴随变形

南澳的ＥＹＲＥ半岛位于ＧＡＷＬＥＲ克拉通南部，包含了ＧＡＷＬＥＲ克拉通太古界至中元古界结晶基底的主要部分，全区于１４２３Ｍａ克拉通化，此后除了局部的，较小的地壳运动外，一直是稳定的克拉通地块，研究区ＪＵＳＳＩＥＵ半岛为ＦＹＲＥ半岛南部的次级半岛，镁铁岩脉群以及韧性剪切糜棱岩带主要沿海岩分布，区内出露岩石变形复杂，脉岩强烈的布丁化并重结晶，围岩中的转换拉伸构造及转换挤压构造可追踪识别，基性岩浆的侵位是转换拉伸力和岩浆压力联合作用的结果，脉岩群的传播侵位(PROPAGATION)与转换拉伸作用(TRANSTENSION)密切相关。多次的转换拉伸与挤压作用，还导致镁铁岩脉边缘成为高应变带，并形成复杂的变形图案 此外，围岩中伴随的变形以次剪切带(SUBSHEAR ZONE)最为显著，是作动力学分析最好的匹配构造。     

确定裂陷盆地伸展量的分数维法

脆性断层群落的位移具有分数维牲特征，此特征可以用于建立一种裂陷盆地伸估算的新方法，即分数维法。这种方法可以用于在地震反射剖面上不可的小型断层之寂滑移造成的伸展量大小，计算结果可以约合不同计算方法之间的差异，阐明小型断层在区域裂陷作用变形过程听重要意义。以二连断陷盆地群伸展量的确定为例，详细地介绍了这种方法的使用原理和步骤。     

Dynamic interactions between crustal shortening,extension, and magmatism in the North American Cordillera

This paper examines the first-order dynamic interactions between crustal shortening, extension, and volcanism in tectonic evolution in the North American Cordillera. The protracted crustal compression in the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic (110–55 Ma) contributed to the subsequent Tertiary extension by thermally weakening the lithosphere and producing an overthickened (>50 km) and gravitationally unstable crust. In addition to post-kinematic burial heating, synkinematic thermal processes including conduction are shown significantly because of the long period of crustal contraction and the slow shortening rates (<4 mm/yr). The effects of shear heating were probably limited for the same reasons. Localized delamination of the lithospheric mantle may have contributed to the abundant plutonism and high crustal temperature in the southeastern Canadian Cordillera at the end of the orogeny. Most early-stage extension in the Cordillera, characterized by formation of metamorphic core complexes, resulted from gravitational collapse of the overthickened crust. Plutionism may have facilitated strain localization, causing widespread crustal extension at relatively low stress levels. Crustal collapse, however, was unlikely the direct cause of the Basin-Range extension, because the gravitational stresses induced by crustal thickening are limited to the crust; only a small fraction of the gravitational stresses may be transmitted to the lithospheric mantle. Nor could core complex formation induce the voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, which requires major upwelling of the asthenosphere. While the causes of the asthenospheric upwelling are not clear, such processes could provide the necessary conditions for the Basin-Range extension: the driving force from thermally induced gravitational potential and a thermally weakened lithosphere. The complicated spatial and temporal patterns of volcanism and extension in the Basin and Range province may be partially due to the time-dependent competing effects of thermal weakening and rheological hardening associated with intrusion and underplating of mantle-derived magmas.     

不同伸展构造的形成深度和水平伸展量的估算

本文根据断陷盆地规模，盆内盖层厚度，地层产状等要素以及控盆地断裂的几何学和运动学特征，推导了不同类型伸展构造的形成深度和水平伸展计算模式，并以信江裂陷伸展构造，衡山，南雄，会昌热隆伸展构造和新一资重力伸展构造作为实例进行计算，结果表明，三种伸展构造的形成深度明显地分三个层次，反映了不同伸展构造形成的动力学机制特征和热隆隆伸展构造较大的水平伸展，合理地解释了小型断裂盆地内形成盖层厚盖沉积的原因。     

Inception and demise of a Neoproterozoic ocean basin: evidence from the Ougda complex,western Hoggar (Algeria)

The Neoproterozoic Ougda magmatic complex occurs within platformal carbonate rocks in the western part of the Pan-African fold belt of the Tuareg shield (NW Africa). It is composed of - 800 Ma old, relatively high P-T (i.e., Grt + Cpx-bearing: P > 5 kbar; T≈900'Q, tholeiitic mafic/ultramafic cumulates and related rocks intruded by intermediate to mafic calcalkali plutons (e.g., Cpx+Hbl-bearing gabbro) and dikes. Apparent contrasts in structural level of crystallization indicate that the calc-alkali rocks are significantly younger than the tholeiites, which temporally correlate with a period of regional extension in this part of Africa. Intrusion of the calc-alkali rocks may have occurred during the formation of an arc after the tholeiitic rocks had been (diapirically?) emplaced within the shelf carbonates, and prior to (> 630 Ma) the Pan-African orogeny. Data reported herein indicate that the Ougda complex records the inception and demise of a Neoproterozoic ocean basin. Similar crustal sections have been described from collisional (e.g., Aleutian islands) and extensional (e.g., Ivreä-Verbano zone) settings, indicating that processes operating in both environments can generate nearly indistinguishable igneous suites; the prevalence of shallow-level calc-alkali rocks in both settings may mask the presence of more mafic, tholeiitic rocks at depth.     

对水压致裂法测得的应力结果之重新估价

本文讨论了水压致裂进行的绝对应力测量结果的可靠性,指出目前水压致裂法是深部绝对应力测量的较好方法。但应用现在通用的资料处理方法时,它可能给出偏小的最大水平主应力S_H和偏大的最小水平主应力S_hi特别是两个水平主应力差别较大的地区,这个偏差更加显著。以这样的数据,按照库伦强度准则和Byerlee定律去估价地区稳定性,易于得出与事实不符的结论。本文指出了造成上述测量误差的可能原因,并提出了降低测量误差,改进计算结果的办法。     

Extension of the Louzidian Metamorphic Core Complex and Development of Supradetachment Basins in Southern Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China

The Louzidian metamorphic core complex (LMCC) in southern Chifeng is located on the northern margin of the North China craton. Structural analyses of the LMCC and its extensional detachment system indicate that the LMCC experienced two-stage extension. The ductile regime experienced top-to-northeast shearing extension and the brittle detachment fault underwent top-down-outwards slipping. Between these two stages, a semi-ductile regime recorded the transition from ductile to brittle. The hanging wall of the detachment fault is similar to those classic supradetachment basins in western North America. Analyses of provenance and paleocurrent directions in the basins show that there were two filling stages. In the early stage, materials came from the southwest margin of the basin and the hanging wall of the detachment system and were transported from southwest to northeast; while in the late stage, deposits were derived from the footwall of the detachment fault and transported outwards to the two sides of the     

Nature of the Source Regions for Post-collisional, Potassic Magmatism in Southern and Northern Tibet from Geochemical Variations and Inverse Trace Element Modelling

Neogene potassic lavas in northern and southern Tibet have differentisotopic (