海量空间数据组织及分布式解决方案

分布式GIS是实现海量空间数据共享与组织、管理的有效方式。本文讨论了GIS中空间数据的特点并分析了分布式GIS设计中几个关键问题,然后提出各自的解决方案.     

基于GIS技术江苏省矿产地发布辅助筛选系统设计及应用

矿产地发布辅助筛选系统是以地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)为基础,利用VB6.0开发而成。系统界面友好,反应速度快,可以直接读取现有的矿产地空间数据库、探矿权数据库、采矿权数据库中的数据进行空间分析,实现了重叠面积、重叠率自动计算,裁剪重叠区后矿产地新范围拐点标注与坐标的自动求取,重叠图自动生成,并用自定义窗体模版直接打印分析结果。     

Hydrogeological mapping in Switzerland

The 1:500,000 geological, tectonic and hydrogeological maps of Switzerland have been updated using a new approach for a geographical information system (GIS). Geological, tectonic and hydrogeological data are combined in a single polygon data set. Specific data (point and line elements) are additionally represented on a separate GIS layer for each map respectively. The new 1:500,000 hydrogeological map of Switzerland consists of two different sheets. The first sheet provides information on the near-surface groundwater resources and qualitative estimates of their yield. The second sheet displays the groundwater resource vulnerability and the capacity of lateral contaminant transport. The 1:100,000 hydrogeological map of Switzerland shows the distribution and use of groundwater in a selected area. The near-surface consolidated and unconsolidated rocks are classified in this map according to their permeability and lithological and petrographical properties. The map is available as a pixel map.

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Résumé  Les cartes aux 1:500,000 de la Suisse, portant sur la géologie, la tectonique et l’hydrogéologie, ont été mises à jour en utilisant une nouvelle approche pour un système d’information géographique (GIS, en anglais). Les données géologiques, tectoniques et hydrogéologiques ont été combinées sur un seul set de polygones. Les données plus spécifiques (points et lignes) sont représentées dans une couverture séparée, pour chaque carte respectivement. La nouvelle carte hydrogéologique de Suisse au 1:500,000 est constituée de deux différentes feuilles. La première feuille apporte des informations sur les ressources proches de la surface et sur leur rendement. La seconde feuille montre la vulnérabilité des ressources souterraines et le risque de pollution par transport latéral. La carte hydrogéologique de Suisse au 1:100,000 montre la distribution et l’utilisation de l’eau souterraine dans la région sélectionnée. Les roches consolidées ou meubles de sub-surface, sont classées au regard de leur perméabilité et de leurs propriétés lithologique et pétrographique. La carte est disponible pixellisée.

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Resumen  Los mapas geológico, tectónico e hidrogeológico de Suiza a escala 1:500,000 han sido actualizados utilizando un nuevo enfoque para un sistema de información geográfico (SIG). Los datos geológicos, tectónicos e hidrogeológicos se combinan en un conjunto de datos en un solo polígono. Por otra parte, para cada uno de los mapas, los datos específicos (elementos puntuales y lineales) se representaron en una capa separa del SIG. El nuevo mapa hidrogeológico de Suiza a escala 1:500,000 contiene dos capas diferentes. La primera de ellas suministra información de los recursos hídricos subterráneos poco profundos y estimaciones cualitativas de sus rendimientos. La segunda capa muestra la vulnerabilidad de este recurso y el riesgo debido al transporte lateral de contaminantes. El mapa hidrogeológico de Suiza a escala 1:100,000 muestra la distribución y uso del agua subterránea en un área seleccionada. Los sedimentos consolidados y no consolidados cercanos a la superficie se clasifican en este mapa en función de su permeabilidad y propiedades litológicas y petrográficas. El mapa se encuentra disponible como un mapa de pixeles.

     

Application of GIS and logistic regression to fossil pollen data in modelling present and past spatial distribution of the Colombian savanna

Climate changes affect the abundance, geographic extent, and floral composition of vegetation, which are reflected in the pollen rain. Sediment cores taken from lakes and peat bogs can be analysed for their pollen content. The fossil pollen records provide information on the temporal changes in climate and palaeo-environments. Although the complexity of the variables influencing vegetation distribution requires a multi-dimensional approach, only a few research projects have used GIS to analyse pollen data. This paper presents a new approach to palynological data analysis by combining GIS and spatial modelling. Eastern Colombia was chosen as a study area owing to the migration of the forest–savanna boundary since the last glacial maximum, and the availability of pollen records. Logistic regression has been used to identify the climatic variables that determine the distribution of savanna and forest in eastern Colombia. These variables were used to create a predictive land-cover model, which was subsequently implemented into a GIS to perform spatial analysis on the results. The palynological data from the study area were incorporated into the GIS. Reconstructed maps of past vegetation distribution by interpolation showed a new approach of regional multi-site data synthesis related to climatic parameters. The logistic regression model resulted in a map with 85.7% predictive accuracy, which is considered useful for the reconstruction of future and past land-cover distributions. The suitability of palynological GIS application depends on the number of pollen sites, the distribution of the pollen sites over the area of interest, and the degree of overlap of the age ranges of the pollen records.     

气象科学数据共享平台山西分节点的设计与实现

科学数据是信息时代最基本、影响面最广的科技创新资源之一，具有明显的潜在价值，实现科学数据最大价值的关键是数据的流动、共享和广泛应用。气象数据是科学数据的重要组成部分，因此气象科学数据共享系统建设被科技部列为九个试点之一。本平台的设计与实现宗旨是实施科学数据共享，整合零散的数据资源，完善共享的保障体系，并切实提高我国的科技竞争能力。     

Site assessment and evaluation of spatial earthquake ground motion of Kyeongju

The earthquake hazard has been evaluated for 10 km×10 km area around Kyeongju. The ground motion potentials were determined based on equivalent linear analysis by using the data obtained from in situ and laboratory tests. In situ tests include 16 boring investigations, 4 crosshole, 12 downhole, 26 spectral analysis of surface waves tests, and in the laboratory, resonant column tests were performed. The peak ground accelerations range between 0.141g and 0.299g on collapse level earthquake and between 0.050g and 0.120g on operation level earthquake, respectively, showing the high potential of amplification in the deep alluvial layer in Kyeongju area. Distribution maps of site amplification for the peak acceleration, amplification factors (F_a and F_v) and dominant site period of Kyeongju are constructed using geographic information system tools. The amplification factor based on the Korean seismic design guide underestimated the motion in short range and overestimated the motion in mid-period range in Kyeongju. The importance of site-specific analysis and the need for the improved site characterization method are introduced.     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）地下岩心样品中的细菌群落分析

通过建立高效率的微生物未培养DNA提取技术和16SrDNA分析技术,在中国大陆钻探深层岩芯中发现微生物存在的证据。从地下430.00米(S1)与1033.77米(S13)深度岩芯中分别提取到微生物DNA,进行16SrDNAPCR扩增,通过对S13样品DNA中克隆得到的54个16SrDNA的序列测定,初步构建了该深度地下微生物群落的系统进化树,发现了23种不同的微生物序列存在。通过DAPI染色证明在地下1033.77米的微生物数量约为1×104个/克岩石,采用实时定量PCR分析分析,发现了其中两种微生物(CCSD1305与CCSD1307)的数量为6.6×104 /g岩石与2.18×106个/g岩石。     

基于GIS的孔隙含水层系统三维空间离散方法研究

分析了目前孔隙地下水流三维有限差分数值模拟中对含水层系统三维空间离散存在的问题，针对自然界孔隙含水层与隔水层空间分布的不连续性与厚度的不均匀性，研究了基于GIS的孔隙含水层系统三维空间离散实现的技术路线，提出了基于GIS与不规则六面体元的孔隙含水层系统的三维空间离散方法，最大限度地保证了离散体元中含水层类型的单一性，提高了孔隙地下水流模拟模型三维空间离散的精度。     

基于遥感和GIS的中国土地潜力资源的研究

在对中国土地资源综合研究基础上,利用已有研究成果,借助ＧＩＳ工具,利用层次分析法,对中国土地地潜力资源进行了综合分析和评价,在评价基础上,对中国土地资源的耕地潜力、生产潜力、生产潜力总量、人口容量潜力及综合潜力的大小和空间展布特征进行分析。结论为：中国土地资源潜力很力,但时空分布不均,在开发利用中,应因地制宜,采取不同的开发、利用的战略方针,在保护好现有土地资源和合理科学利用的基础上,谨慎开发,以     

对数字化过程中数据精度的一些讨论

目前 ,全国各地已经建立了许多地理信息系统。对于地理信息系统中数据精度能否满足人们的要求 ,人们尚没有引起足够的重视。本文分析了数字化过程中数据精度的变化情况 ,并尝试提出具体的解决办法