大地基准的现代化和卫星大地测量新成果--参加国际大地测量协会(IAG)2003年日本札晃大会札记

国际大地测量协会（IAG）2003年 7月在日本札晃举行了近 8天的学术讨论会。现将讨论会中关于我国近邻国家大地基准现代化,低轨卫星（LEO）解算地球重力场的新方法---《一步法》,及GPS数据处理方法的新进展等进行扼要介绍。《国际地面参考框架（ITRF）》一直作为全球的大地测量坐标框架,它目前存在的主要问题是它的框架点是一律被假定作常速运动的,但实际情况与ITRF的这一假定是不一致的。在这次大会上我国的近邻国家如日本、蒙古、新西兰、韩国、马来西亚等报告了本国大地坐标系统、坐标框架的更新和现代化,以及地区大地水准面的精化工作。通常利用二步法从低轨卫星的轨道信息求定地球重力场及其时变,大会上报告的一步法是对这一经典方法的重大改进和突破。GPS数据处理方法的新进展中比较突出的有：顾及观测数据短暂性相关影响的GPS连续运行网坐标及其移动速度的解算方案;含有系统误差的GPS观测数据的解算等。     

倾斜断层深部不均匀滑动的反演计算

根据倾斜断层走滑、倾滑及拉张运动产生的地表位移计算公式，利用Ｈａｒｒｉｓ和Ｓｅｇａｌｌ的反演方法，建立了倾斜断层具多个滑动分量的反演模型，编制了相应的计算机程序，实现了利用大地测量资料反演计算不同产状断层深部不同运动方向的滑动速率或滑动量。并以北京地区两条主要活动断层为例进行了计算，获得结果与北京地区区域应力场及断层应力场具有较好的一致性     

Green's function solution to spherical gradiometric boundary-value problems

 Three independent gradiometric boundary-value problems (BVPs) with three types of gradiometric data, {Γ _rr }, {Γ _{r θ},Γ _{r λ}} and {Γ_θθ−Γ_λλ,Γ_θλ}, prescribed on a sphere are solved to determine the gravitational potential on and outside the sphere. The existence and uniqueness conditions on the solutions are formulated showing that the zero- and the first-degree spherical harmonics are to be removed from {Γ _{r θ},Γ _{r λ}} and {Γ_θθ−Γ_λλ,Γ_θλ}, respectively. The solutions to the gradiometric BVPs are presented in terms of Green's functions, which are expressed in both spectral and closed spatial forms. The logarithmic singularity of the Green's function at the point ψ=0 is investigated for the component Γ _rr . The other two Green's functions are finite at this point. Comparisons to the paper by van Gelderen and Rummel [Journal of Geodesy (2001) 75: 1–11] show that the presented solution refines the former solution. Received: 3 October 2001 / Accepted: 4 October 2002     

GPS三维基线向量向大地坐标差的直接转换

推导了ＧＰＳ三维基线向量向大地坐标差直接转换公式,编制出相应的转换程序。     

The impact of radio source structure on European geodetic VLBI measurements

European geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) sessions (also known as EUROPE sessions) have been carried out on a regular basis for the past 15 years to study relative crustal motions within Europe. These sessions are based on observations of extragalactic radio sources, which serve as distant fiducial marks to establish an accurate and stable celestial reference frame for long-term geodetic measurements. The radio sources, however, are not always point-like on milliarcsecond scales, as VLBI imaging has revealed. In this work, we quantify the magnitude of the expected effect of intrinsic source structure on geodetic bandwidth synthesis delay VLBI measurements for a subset of 14 sources regularly observed during the EUROPE sessions. These sources have been imaged at both X-band (8.4 GHz) and S-band (2.3 GHz) based on dedicated observations acquired with the European VLBI Network (EVN) in November 1996. The results of this calculation indicate that the reference source 0457+024 causes significant structural effects in measurements obtained on European VLBI baselines (about 10 picoseconds on average), whereas most of the other sources produce effects that are only occasionally larger than a few picoseconds. Applying the derived source structure models to the data of the EUROPE5-96 session carried out at the same epoch as the EVN experiment shows no noticeable changes in the estimated VLBI station locations.     

An Introductory Overview of Earthquake Early Warning

Earthquake early warning (EEW) is discriminated from earthquake prediction by using initial seismic waves to predict the severity of ground motion and issue the warning information to potential affected area. The warning information is useful to mitigate the disaster and decrease the losses of life and economy. We reviewed the development history of EEW worldwide and summarized the methodologies using in different systems. Some new sensors came and are coming into EEW giving more developing potential to future implementation. The success of earthquake disaster mitigation relies on the cooperation of the whole society.     

Height datum unification between Shenzhen and Hong Kong using the solution of the linearized fixed-gravimetric boundary value problem

The paper proposes a new algorithm to unify height datums in different regions, which is based on the solution of the linearized fixed-gravimetric boundary value problem. Compared with traditional methods, this method uses GPS ellipsoidal height and gravity disturbances on the surface of the earth to obtain a quasigeoid, which is not related to any local vertical datums. As an example, we calculate the height datum difference between Shenzhen and Hong Kong by applying this new method. The result shows that the height difference obtained by this new method is consistent with the ground leveling result to a few centimeters.     

不同椭球变换的物理方法

本文采用物理方法讨论不同椭球变换的问题，论证了重力位低阶球谐系数与大地坐标系转换参数的关系，说明几何法转换模型（即大地坐标微分公式）不过是取至二阶次的谐函微分公式，为了提高转换精度，应该采用较高阶次的物理法微分公式（即球面正交多项式）作为不同系统的转换模型。     

Effect of the selection of reference radio sources on geodetic estimates from VLBI observations

This paper evaluates the effect of the accuracy of reference radio sources on the daily estimates of station positions, nutation angle offsets, and the estimated site coordinates determined by very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), which are used for the realization of the international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF). Five global VLBI solutions, based on VLBI data collected between 1979 and 2006, are compared. The reference solution comprises all observed radio sources, which are treated as global parameters. Four other solutions, comprising different sub-sets of radio sources, were computed. The daily station positions for all VLBI sites and the corrections to the nutation offset angles were estimated for these five solutions. The solution statistics are mainly affected by the positional instabilities of reference radio sources, whereas the instabilities of geodetic and astrometric time-series are caused by an insufficient number of observed reference radio sources. A mean offset of the three positional components (Up, North, East) between any two solutions was calculated for each VLBI site. From a comparison of the geodetic results, no significant discrepancies between the respective geodetic solutions for all VLBI sites in the Northern Hemisphere were found. In contrast, the Southern Hemisphere sites were more sensitive to the selected set of reference radio sources. The largest estimated mean offset of the vertical component between two solutions for the Australian VLBI site at Hobart was 4 mm. In the worst case (if a weak VLBI network observed a limited number of reference radio sources) the daily offsets of the estimated height component at Hobart exceeded 100 mm. The exclusion of the extended radio sources from the list of reference sources improved the solution statistics and made the geodetic and astrometric time-series more consistent. The problem with the large Hobart height component offset is magnified by a comparatively small number of observations due to the low slewing rate of the VLBI dish (1°/ s). Unless a minimum of 200 scans are performed per 24-h VLBI experiment, the daily vertical positions at Hobart do not achieve 10 mm accuracy. Improving the slew rate at Hobart and/or having an increased number of new sites in the Southern Hemisphere is essential for further improvement of geodetic VLBI results for Southern Hemisphere sites.     

The contribution of Very Long Baseline Interferometry to ITRF2005

The contribution of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) to the ITRF2005 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2005) has been computed by the IVS Analysis Coordinator’s office at the Geodetic Institute of the University of Bonn, Germany. For this purpose the IVS Analysis Centres (ACs) provided datum-free normal equation matrices in Solution INdependent EXchange (SINEX) format for each 24 h observing session to be combined on a session-by-session basis by a stacking procedure. In this process, common sets of parameters, transformed to identical reference epochs and a prioris, and especially representative relative weights have been taken into account for each session. In order to assess the quality of the combined IVS files, Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) and scaling factors have been derived from the combined normal equation matrices. The agreement of the EOPs of the combined normal equation matrices with those of the individual ACs in terms of weighted root mean square (WRMS) is in the range of 50–60 μas for the two polar motion components and about 3 μs for UT1−UTC. External comparisons with International GNSS Serive (IGS) polar motion components is at the level of 130–170 μas and 21 μs/day for length of day (LOD). The scale of the terrestrial reference frame realized through the IVS SINEX files agrees with ITRF2000 at the level of 0.2 ppb.