渤海海峡客滚船海难事故与大风事件关系分析

针对1999～2005年渤海海峡发生的6起客滚船海难事故,利用长岛气象站观测资料,统计得出了引发海难事故的3种风力条件。结果表明:海难事故与冷空气活动密切相关,客滚船遇险后遇到最大风力7级、极大风力大于等于9级时海上救援很困难;10月—翌年5月为在渤海海峡约三分之一的时间内有可能发生海难事故,10～11月为海难多发期。     

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment and Intertidal Gastropod Nerita lineata from Two Opposing Sites in the Straits of Malacca

The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Fe were determined in the surface sediment and marine gastropod Nerita lineata collected in May 2005 from the intertidal zone of Dumai, Sumatera, Indonesia and Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. The results showed that metal concentrations in sediment and the soft tissue of N. lineata varied at different sampling stations. Mean heavy metal concentrations were 0. 92 μg/g(Cd) ;6.40 μg/g(Cu) ;32.77 μg/g(Pb) ;54.41μg/g(Zn) ;11.56 μg/g(Ni) and 2.97%(Fe) in sediment from Dumai and 1.15 μg(Cd) ;26.73 μg/g(Cu) ;53.45μg/g(Pb) ;130.77 μg/g(Zn) ;20.79 μg/g( Ni ) and 2.72% (Fe) in sediment from Johor. Concentrations of metals in gastropod N. lineata were 0.71 μg/g(Cd) ;15.16 μg(Cu) ;9.35 μg/g(Pb) ;94.69 μg/g(Zn) ;5.08 μg/g(Ni) and 397.97 μg/g(Fe) in samples from Dumai and 1.24 μg(Cd) ;18.02 μg/g(Cu) ;19.75 μg/g(Pb) ;95.09 μg/g(Zn) ;5.57 μg/g ( Ni ) and 473. 56 μg/g (Fe) in samples from Johor. Although they were not statistically significant (p >0.05), heavy metal concentrations in N. lineata were correlated with the concentrations of respective metals in sediment in both samples from Dumai and Johor. In general, samples of sediment and gastropod from Johor accumulated significantly higher heavy metal concentrations when compared to samples from Dumai(p < 0. 05). Higher concentrations of metals were recorded in samples collected from the stations close to the industrial and anthropogenic activities in both Dumai and Johor areas. However, most of the concentrations were still comparable to the previous reported studies from other geographical areas.     

Preliminary Analysis of Seismic Risk in Taiwan Strait and Study on Feasibility of Construction of Tunnel Across the Strait

The collision between Eurasian and Pacific plates along the eastern margin of the Asian continent resulted in formation of a series of island-arcs, one of which is the Taiwan Island-arc, and the Taiwan Straits is a foreland basin in the continent-arc collision zone. The Quaternary fine-grained sediments occur evenly in the upper part of the basin, and the Pliocene deposits in the lower part. The stepped faults run in the deposits, indicating that the tectonic movement tended to weaken after the Pliocene. Strong seismic zones of Taiwan Island released large amount of plate overthrust-collision compressive stress and have their screen and prevention roles for the straits. Only the intersections between offshore NW-trending transform-like faults and seashore NE-trending faults on the southern and northern terminations of the Island are prone to strong earthquakes. The possibility of occurrence of M?≥?6 earthquake should be very low in the area for the planned future tunnel. Moreover, the seismic intensity is rapidly attenuated from the surface downward. Thus, the seismic intensity for the tunnel under the seabed will be much lower. In seismotectonic view, the construction of tunnel is feasible.     

Variability of cold‐water coral mounds in a high sediment input and tidal current regime,Straits of Florida

Cold‐water coral mound morphology and development are thought to be controlled primarily by current regime. This study, however, reveals a general lack of correlation between prevailing bottom current direction and mound morphology (i.e. footprint shape and orientation), as well as current strength and mound size (i.e. footprint area and height). These findings are based on quantitative analyses of a high‐resolution geophysical dataset collected with an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle from three cold‐water coral mound sites at the toe of slope of Great Bahama Bank. The three sites (80 km² total) have an average of 14 mounds km^?2, indicating that the Great Bahama Bank slope is a major coral mound region. At all three sites living coral colonies are observed on the surface of the mounds, documenting active mound growth. Morphometric analysis shows that mounds at these sites vary significantly in height (1 to 83 m), area (81 to 6 00 000 m²), shape (mound aspect ratio 0·1 to 1) and orientation (mound longest axis 0 to 180°). The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle measured bottom current data depict a north–south flowing current that reverses approximately every six hours. The tidal nature of this current and its intermittent deviations during reversals are interpreted to contribute to the observed mound complexity. An additional factor contributing to the variability in mound morphometrics is the sediment deposition rate that varies among and within sites. At most locations sedimentation rate lags slightly behind mound growth rate, causing mounds to develop into large structures. Where sedimentation rates are higher than mound growth rates, sediment partially or completely buries mounds. The spatial distribution and alignment of mounds can also be related to gravity mass deposits, as indicated by geomorphological features (for example, slope failure and linear topographic highs) in the three‐dimensional bathymetry. In summary, variability in sedimentation rates, current regime and underlying topography produce extraordinarily high variability in the distribution, development and morphology of coral mounds on the Great Bahama Bank slope.     

闽粤海外历史地震与台湾海峡现今强震活动图像

闽粤两省强烈地震多发生在沿海地区,且福建南日岛至广东南澳一线的泉州－汕头地震带地震活动尤为突出。历史上东南沿海地震带曾发生过４次７级以上大地震,而其中３次都发生在泉－汕段海域,继华南地区本世纪著名的１９１８年广东南澳７．３级地震后,１９９４年９月１６日台湾海峡南部又发生７．３级强震,这在经济发达,人口稠密的闽粤沿海地区引起了极大关注。本文通过历史强震活动资料,分析闽粤沿海与台湾海峡强震在时间进程,     

Photosynthesis, Respiration and other Factors Influencing the Growth of Laminar/a ochroleuca PYL below 50 Metres in the Straits of Messina

Abstract. The population of Laminaria ochroleuca in the current swept Straits of Messina was investigated regarding its age structure and photosynthesis. Age structure appears to be determined by sporadic recruitment and the limitation of growth due to peak currents decapitating older plants, which is corroborated by drag force resistance calculations. The calculation of a carbon budget from measurements of photosynthesis and dark respiration both in the laboratory and in situ shows that L. ochroleuca cannot satisfy its carbon demands for growth and respiration at 50 m depth and no satisfactory explanation can be given for its rapid growth between 50 and 100 m.     

Tidal Currents in the Tsushima Straits Estimated from ADCP Data by Ferryboat

Tidal currents in the Tsushima Straits have been analyzed using measurements obtained since February 1997 by an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) mounted on the ferryboat Camellia. Tidal current constituents (M ₂, S ₂, K ₁, O ₁) are dominant among the ten tidal current constituents (Q ₁, O ₁, P ₁, K ₁, N ₂, M ₂, S ₂, K ₂, MSf, Mf), and generally 1.4–2.1 times stronger at the western channel of the straits than those at the eastern channel. The ratio between amplitude of M ₂, S ₂, K ₁ and O ₁ averaged along the ferryboat track is 1:0.45:0.59:0.51. The major axis directions of tidal current ellipses are generally SW to NE, exceptionally in the vicinity of the Tsushima Islands. Approaching the Tsushima Islands from the Korean Peninsula side, the major axis gradually rotates clockwise. At the western channel, the M ₂ and K ₁ constituents change the rotation direction of current vectors from clockwise to counterclockwise at about 90–130 m depth. The contributions of the tidal currents to the mean kinetic energy and the mean eddy kinetic energy along the ferryboat track are, on average, 0.56 and 0.71, respectively. This suggests that tidal current activities are generally more dominant than the mean current activities and much more dominant than eddy activities. The only region where the eddy activities are comparable to the tidal current activities is located on the east side of the Tsushima Islands. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

两岸地震记录交流初探

本文指出了海峡两岸在测量地震震级中存在的差异，并对此开展深入研究，提出了建议。     

台湾海峡西岸两个典型复合型海滩砂泥转换带对比研究

根据福建沿海砂泥复合型海滩的分布特征,选取闽江口左坑和九龙江口南太武两个典型砂泥复合型海滩作为研究对象,开展SMT土力学和空间分布特征初步研究。基于两个海滩SMT位置及两侧共6个柱状沉积物样品的土力学性质分析,完善了砂泥转换带(sand-mud transition,简称SMT)野外判定方法;结合SMT空间分布特征及洪、枯两季差异分析,初步探讨了影响SMT分布的主要因素及控制过程。研究结果认为,对于表层砂泥分界明显的海滩,可根据SMT的定义结合沉积物粒度变化快速判定;而对于无法直接判定SMT位置的复合型海滩,可将海滩表层沉积物抗剪强度作为快速准确判定SMT位置的辅助指标,本次研究取15 k Pa作为SMT判定阈值。闽江口左坑和九龙江口南太武海滩SMT高程及其空间分布特征有明显差异,这种差异在洪、枯水季又发生一定改变,主要与泥沙物源和水动力条件变化有关,SMT具体变化情况由砂质和泥质的输运或水动力强度决定。     

Derelict fishing nets in Puget Sound and the Northwest Straits: Patterns and threats to marine fauna

Derelict fishing gear remains in the marine environment for years, entangling, and killing marine organisms worldwide. Since 2002, hundreds of derelict nets containing over 32,000 marine animals have been recovered from Washington’s inland waters. Analysis of 870 gillnets found many were derelict for years; most were recovered from northern Puget Sound and high-relief rocky habitats and were relatively small, of recent construction, in good condition, stretched open, and in relatively shallow water. Marine organisms documented in recovered gillnets included 31,278 invertebrates (76 species), 1036 fishes (22 species), 514 birds (16 species), and 23 mammals (4 species); 56% of invertebrates, 93% of fish, and 100% of birds and mammals were dead when recovered. For all taxa, mortality was generally associated with gillnet effectiveness (total area, age and condition, and suspension in the water). Mortality from derelict fishing gear is underestimated at recovery and may be important for species of economic and conservation concern.