滇东南地区垂直负荷形变特征研究

针对传统的全球水文同化模型计算陆地垂直负荷形变的不确定度问题,该文采用GPS、GRACE以及GLDAS3种数据对滇东南13个GPS连续站的垂直负荷形变进行了综合的分析。结果表明:GPS垂向形变时间序列中,陆地水负荷形变显著,高值达12 mm,其中GRACE的贡献值为32.1%,GLDAS的贡献值为26.9%;对于初相位而言,GPS、GRACE、GLDAS三者符合得很好;对于振幅而言,GPS与GRACE的振幅较为接近,GLDAS的振幅最小;通过主成分分析方法所获取的GPS共模误差与GRACE的相关性高达0.90。虽然GRACE的空间分辨率较低,但GRACE为连续监测地表垂直负荷形变提供了一种有效和可靠的手段。     

联合卫星测高、GRACE与温盐数据分析红海海平面变化季节性特征

本文利用卫星测高、GRACE与温盐数据监测2003-2014年红海海平面变化,并分析了蒸发降水以及亚丁湾-红海质量交换对红海质量变化的影响。红海地区单一的温盐数据存在覆盖不全或质量不佳的问题,综合CORA、SODA与ORAS4温盐数据估算结果得到平均比容海平面变化,以改善比容信号的精度。针对GRACE数据处理过程中截断与空间平滑滤波引起的泄漏误差,提出改进尺度因子纠正泄漏误差,利用卫星测高数据进行模拟实验验证了改进尺度因子的有效性。利用传统尺度因子和改进尺度因子反演的红海质量变化周年振幅分别为16.1±1.3 cm和20.5±1.7 cm,利用卫星测高和温盐数据估算的质量变化周年振幅为20.2±1.0 cm,表明改进尺度因子可有效减小泄漏误差的影响,改善GRACE模型反演红海质量变化的精度。卫星测高、GRACE卫星重力数据以及平均温盐数据具有较好的一致性,联合GRACE和温盐数据估算的红海综合海平面变化周年振幅为16.6±1.7 cm,与卫星测高估算的总海平面变化周年振幅(16.2±0.9 cm)基本一致,表明多源数据可构成完整的红海海平面监测手段。相比于降水-蒸发作用,红海质量变化受红海与亚丁湾的海水质量交换的影响更为显著,其主导了红海质量的季节性变化。     

利用GPS垂向位移监测西南地区干旱事件

GPS垂向位移包含了陆地水储量变化引起的地球弹性形变信息。本文利用中国大陆构造环境监测网(陆态网)31个GPS台站2010年8月—2016年12月的垂向位移数据,分析我国西南地区的干旱事件。结果表明,GPS垂向位移的季节性变化与降雨、GRACE反演的水储量、河流水位变化具有较强的负相关关系,其异常变化(非季节性变化)与我国使用的综合气象干旱指数(CI)、GRACE干旱强度指数(GRACE-DSI)相关性较强(相关系数约为-0.70),而与标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)的相关性较弱。相比于CI干旱指数,GPS垂向位移能更好地探测短期降雨急剧减少引起的干旱事件。数据缺失影响了GRACE-DSI探测干旱的准确性,而SPEI的波动较大,且存在高估某些短期降雨严重性的情况。研究结果展示了GPS在干旱监测方面的可靠性和优势。     

印度洋海底压强的季节和长期变化

利用2003—2015年的重力恢复和气候实验(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, GRACE)卫星观测数据, 揭示了印度洋海底压强的变化特征, 并探讨了其变化机制。结果表明, 印度洋海底压强具有显著的季节变化特征, 北半球冬季在40°S以北(南), 海底压强呈负(正)异常, 夏季分布与冬季相反。印度洋区域的海底压强空间分布与Ekman输送空间分布有较好的对应关系。正压涡度方程诊断结果表明, 利用风场重构的海底压强能够较好地解释印度洋海底压强的季节和长期变化。此外, 海平面变化收支分析表明, 海底压强的变化在高纬度区域主导了海平面变化。     

智利MW8.8地震重力变化的GRACE观测与构造活动分析

利用GRACE重力卫星数据获取智利地区长期重力变化,提取特征点重力变化时间序列,分析2010 年智利MW8.8地震震前、同震及震后的重力变化,并将GRACE观测到的同震重力变化与球体位错理论模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,地震造成发震断层上、下盘显著的重力正负变化;特征点重力变化时序均清晰地揭示出地震造成的重力变化跃迁现象及震后3个强余震的异常信号,特别是震源域特征点重力在地震前2007~2010年呈现出“减小-增加-减小-增加-发震”的变化特征;GRACE观测到的同震重力变化与球体位错理论模拟结果在量级和分布形态上具有较好的一致性;地震不同阶段发震断层两盘重力变化亦有所差异,且受震后地层粘滞性效应影响,发震断层邻域重力变化呈持续性正负变化趋势。     

基于残余星间速度法精确和快速反演下一代GRACE Follow-On地球重力场

基于新型残余星间速度法（RIRM）反演了120阶GRACE Follow-On地球重力场. 第一,由于GPS定轨精度相对较低,通过将激光干涉测距仪的高精度残余星间速度（测量精度10^-7 m·s^-1）引入残余轨道速度差分矢量的视线分量构建了新型RIRM观测方程. 第二,基于2点、4点、6点和8点RIRM公式对比论证了最优的插值点数. 如果相关系数和采样间隔一定,随着插值点数的增加,卫星观测值的信号量被有效加强,而卫星观测值的误差量也同时增加. 因此,6点RIRM公式是提高下一代地球重力场精度的较优选择. 第三,相关系数对地球重力场精度的影响在不同频段表现为不同特性. 随着相关系数的逐渐增大,地球长波重力场精度逐渐降低,而地球中长波重力场精度逐渐升高. 第四,基于6点RIRM公式,通过30天观测数据和采样间隔5 s,分别利用星间速度和残余星间速度观测值,在120阶次处反演下一代GRACE Follow-On累计大地水准面精度为1.638×10^-3 m和1.396×10^-3 m. 研究结果表明：（1）残余星间速度观测量较星间速度对地球重力场反演精度更敏感;（2）GRACE Follow-On地球重力场精度较GRACE至少高10倍.     

S<Subscript>2</Subscript> tide aliasing in GRACE time-variable gravity solutions

Errors in high-frequency ocean tide models alias to low frequencies in time-variable gravity solutions from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). We conduct an observational study of apparent gravity changes at a period of 161 days, the alias period of errors in the S₂ semidiurnal solar tide. We examine this S₂ alias in the release 4 (RL04) reprocessed GRACE monthly gravity solutions for the period April 2002 to February 2008, and compare with that in release 1 (RL01) GRACE solutions. One of the major differences between RL04 and RL01 is the ocean tide model. In RL01, the alias is evident at high latitudes, near the Filchner-Ronne and Ross ice shelves in Antarctica, and regions surrounding Greenland and Hudson Bay. RL04 shows significantly lower alias amplitudes in many of these locations, reflecting improvements in the ocean tide model. However, RL04 shows continued alias contamination between the Ronne and Larson ice shelves, somewhat larger than in RL01, indicating a need for further tide model improvement in that region. For unknown reasons, the degree-2 zonal spherical harmonics (C₂₀) of the RL04 solutions show significantly larger S₂ aliasing errors than those from RL01.     

Alternative mission architectures for a gravity recovery satellite mission

Since its launch in 2002, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has been providing measurements of the time-varying Earth gravity field. The GRACE mission architecture includes two satellites in near-circular, near-polar orbits separated in the along-track direction by approximately 220 km (e.g. collinear). A microwave ranging instrument measures changes in the distance between the spacecraft, while accelerometers on each spacecraft are used to measure changes in distance due to non-gravitational forces. The fact that the satellites are in near-polar orbits coupled with the fact that the inter-satellite range measurements are directed in the along-track direction, contributes to longitudinal striping in the estimated gravity fields. This paper examines four candidate mission architectures for a future gravity recovery satellite mission to assess their potential in measuring the gravity field more accurately than GRACE. All satellites were assumed to have an improved measurement system, with an inter-satellite laser ranging instrument and a drag-free system for removal of non-gravitational accelerations. Four formations were studied: a two-satellite collinear pair similar to GRACE; a four-satellite architecture with two collinear pairs; a two-satellite cartwheel formation; and a four-satellite cartwheel formation. A cartwheel formation consists of satellites performing in-plane, relative elliptical motion about their geometric center, so that inter-satellite measurements are, at times, directed radially (e.g. parallel to the direction towards the center of the Earth) rather than along-track. Radial measurements, unlike along-track measurements, have equal sensitivity to mass distribution in all directions along the Earth’s surface and can lead to higher spatial resolution in the derived gravity field. The ability of each architecture to recover the gravity field was evaluated using numerical simulations performed with JPL’s GIPSY-OASIS software package. Thirty days of data were used to estimate gravity fields complete to degree and order 60. Evaluations were done for 250 and 400 km nominal orbit altitudes. The sensitivity of the recovered gravity field to under-sampled effects was assessed using simulated errors in atmospheric/ocean dealiasing (AOD) models. Results showed the gravity field errors associated with the four-satellite cartwheel formation were approximately one order of magnitude lower than the collinear satellite pair when only measurement system errors were included. When short-period AOD model errors were introduced, the gravity field errors for each formation were approximately the same. The cartwheel formations eliminated most of the longitudinal striping seen in the gravity field errors. A covariance analysis showed the error spectrum of the cartwheel formations to be lower and more isotropic than that of the collinear formations.     

LEO星载GPS双向滤波定轨研究

介绍了目前常用的LEO(low Earth orbiter)星载GPS定轨方法,分析了LEO星载GPS双向滤波定轨方法与其他几种主要定轨方法的区别.从卫星运动方程和星载GPS非差定轨观测方程出发,给出了LEO星载GPS双向滤波定轨方法的原理,采用自行研制的定轨软件对两颗GRACE(gravity recovery and climate ex-periment)卫星进行了定轨试验,通过与JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)轨道的对比及KBR(k-band rangingsystem)观测数据的外部检核发现:①双向滤波定轨技术不仅能显著提高单向滤波开始阶段的定轨精度,而且可以从整体上提高卫星的定轨精度;②LEO星载GPS双向滤波定轨方法切实可行,相应的星载GPS定轨软件对GRACE卫星定轨精度在径向、沿轨方向和法向优于5 cm.     

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