基于Matlab的GPS网间接平差教学设计与实现

GPS网间接平差是测绘类本科专业误差理论与测量平差基础教学的重要组成部分。本文针对GPS网间接平差存在的观测数据多、计算量大、在实际课堂教学中很难讲解清楚等问题,提出基于Matlab的GPS网间接平差教学设计与实现方法。给出GPS网间接平差课堂教学的内容及难点,阐述基于Matlab的GPS网间接平差程序设计流程及关键步骤的实现方法。结合3个具体的GPS网平差实例,展示程序运行的结果。结果表明,基于Matlab进行GPS网间接平差教学既有助于加深学生对GPS网间接平差理论知识的理解,培养学生理论联系实际的能力,又可以实现学生所学计算机高级编程语言与专业知识的有机结合,提高学生的编程能力和学习兴趣。     

两次降雪天气过程预报中边界层风廓线雷达资料的应用

通过分析2009年10月31日至11月1日和2009年11月9-10日北京两次不同类型降雪天气过程中海淀边界层风廓线仪数据发现:①降雪开始前2h内底层偏东气流建立,且该气流里均有风速突然加强的现象,这对短时临近预报中预报降雪的起始时间有一定参考价值;②700 hPa以上出现冷平流或者冷平流加强且高度降低,也是降雪即将开始的一个特征;③风廓线资料计算得到的温度平流廓线可以较好的反应大气稳定度情况,为判断降雪是否为对流性降雪提供可靠依据.在临近预报中加强风廓线和温度平流的监测,对临近转折性天气的预报有指示意义.     

Effects of substorms on the stormtime ring current index Dst

There has been some discussion in recent times regarding whether or not substorm expansive phase activity plays any role of importance in the formation of the stormtime ring current. I explore this question using the K_p index as a proxy for substorm expansive phase activity and the D_st index as a proxy for symmetric ring current strength. I find that increases in D_st are mildly related to the strength of substorm expansive phase activity during the development of the storm main phase. More surprisingly, I find that the strength of D_st during the storm recovery phase is positively correlated with the strength of substorm expansive phase activity. This result has an important bearing on the question of how much the Dst index reflects activity other than that of the stormtime symmetric ring current strength for which it is supposed to be a proxy.     

青藏块体东北缘地壳水平运动状态

应用青藏块体东北缘1999～2003年多期GPS观测资料，计算了不同时段GPS点水平运动速率。通过分析发现：甘青块体可分为东部块体和西部块体，东、西部块体的运动状态存在明显的差异；受2001年11月14日昆仑Ms8．1地震的影响，震后地壳运动状态发生了明显的改变。     

基于GPS高程时间序列粗差的抗差探测与插补研究

研究抗差估计和稳健估计粗差探测IQR准则的粗差剔除算法以及缺值点插值的正交多项式最小二乘拟合方法。以中国3个CORS基准站从1999-03-01—2009-12-31日的单天解GPS高程时间序列为对象进行粗差探测与插补的试验。结果表明：抗差估计比IQR准则能更有效地探测和剔除粗差;三次样条插值当连续缺失历元超过5~10个时插值结果易发生扭曲;低次正交多项式拟合的结果稳定,一般选择2~3次拟合即可获得理想的效果,当连续缺失历元达3个月时,正交多项式拟合后的曲线与序列趋势仍基本一致。     

南海北部东沙运动的构造特征及动力学机制探讨

南海北部陆缘在南海扩张结束后发生了一次重要的构造运动—东沙运动.因前人对其研究较少,目前对其发生时间、影响范围和形成机制等都存在较大的争议.通过对东沙海区及其邻区新近纪地层二维、三维地震资料的详细解释,确定了东沙运动发生在晚中新世晚期,并在晚中新世末/早上新世初(5.5Ma)停止活动.东沙运动主要波及东沙隆起和潮汕坳陷地区,构造上主要表现为断块升降,其中隆起区沉积物遭受剥蚀,造成中新世及部分上新世地层的缺失.这次运动还形成了大量次级的NW-NWW向张性、张扭性断裂,构造运动整体上具有东强西弱的特点.东沙运动可能与新近纪以来菲律宾海板块持续向NWW方向运动导致的吕宋岛弧与欧亚大陆在9～6Ma期间开始发生的弧陆碰撞有关.同时,由于南海向马尼拉海沟下的俯冲及洋壳的冷却沉降作用,南海北部陆缘处于拉张环境,岩浆底侵到下地壳底部形成高速层,破坏了该区域的地壳均衡,从而造成上部地壳的隆升.     

地球运动的超非线性分析

根据超非线性速度理论，研究了地球的自转状态，得知地球自转的角速度沿半径方向有突变和减小，并由此计算了地壳相对于地核的角速度差值，算得赤道表面每年西移１．７５ｃｍ，符合已报道的观测数据。     

Splash-saltation trajectories of soil particles under wind-driven rain

It is usually recognized that relatively large amounts of soil particles cannot be transported by raindrop splashes under windless rain. However, the splash-saltation process can cause net transportation in the prevailing wind direction since variations in splash-saltation trajectory due to the wind are expected in wind-driven rain. Therefore, determining the combined effect of rain and wind on the process should enable improvement of the estimation of erosion for any given prediction technique. This paper presents experimental data on the effects of slope aspect, slope gradient, and horizontal wind velocity on the splash-saltation trajectories of soil particles under wind-driven rain. In a wind tunnel facility equipped with a rainfall simulator, the rains driven by horizontal wind velocities of 6, 10, and 14 m s⁻¹ were allowed to impact three agricultural soils packed into 20×55 cm soil pans placed at both windward and leeward slopes of 7%, 15%, and 20%. Splash-saltation trajectories were measured by trapping the splashed particles at distances downwind on a 7-m uniform slope segment in the upslope and downslope directions, respectively, for windward and leeward slopes. Exponential decay curves were fitted for the mass distribution of splash-saltation sediment as a function of travel distance, and the average splash-saltation trajectory was derived from the average value of the fitted functions. The results demonstrated that the average trajectory of a raindrop-induced and wind-driven soil particle was substantially affected by the wind shear velocity, and it had the greatest correlation (r=0.96 for all data) with the shear velocity; however, neither slope aspect nor slope gradient significantly predicted the splash-saltation trajectory. More significantly, a statistical analysis conducted with nonlinear regression model of C₁(u_*²/g) showed that average trajectory of splash saltation was approximately three times greater than that of typical saltating sand grain.     

Crossover from Nonlinearity Controlled to Heterogeneity Controlled Mixing in Two-Phase Porous Media Flows

We use high resolution Monte Carlo simulations to study the dispersive mixing in two-phase, immiscible, porous media flow that results from the interaction of the nonlinearities in the flow equations with geologic heterogeneity. Our numerical experiments show that distinct dispersive regimes occur depending on the relative strength of nonlinearity and heterogeneity. In particular, for a given degree of multiscale heterogeneity, controlled by the Hurst exponent which characterizes the underlying stochastic model for the heterogeneity, linear and nonlinear flows are essentially identical in their degree of dispersion, if the heterogeneity is strong enough. As the heterogeneity weakens, the dispersion rates cross over from those of linear heterogeneous flows to those typical of nonlinear homogeneous flows.