试谈地震科技图书馆现代化建设

以山西省地震局地震科技图书馆为例 ,阐述了建立地震科技文献信息网的必要性和网络化建设构想。提出了电子阅览室的设想和实现途径 ,并对网络管理员的特点和基本工作进行了论述     

联合GPS和GRACE观测研究日本MW9.0地震震后变形机制

利用GPS和GRACE观测数据研究了日本M_W9.0地震的震后变形特征.GPS观测显示,区域震后位移呈现随指数函数变化特征,变化速率符合大森公式的衰减特性;近五年的震后水平位移累积已达到东向60~165 cm,南向20~65 cm的量值,距震中较远站点已超过同震变化量,且震后变形仍然持续.GRACE观测到显著的震后重力变化,地震破裂两侧的重力变化总体均呈上升趋势,但海洋侧的变化速率较快.联合震后余滑和黏弹性位错理论对震后变形进行了模拟,探索了GPS和GRACE观测的综合应用方法.研究发现,综合考虑震后余滑和黏滞性松弛效应可以对日本地震的震后变形做出较合理的解释,震后初期余滑起主要作用,1至2年以后逐渐减弱,黏滞性松弛作用逐渐增强.在震后变形模拟和区域黏滞性结构反演中形成GPS和GRACE观测结合应用的方法,先基于震后GPS形变估算区域黏滞性结构,而后利用GRACE观测修正深部的黏滞系数,并综合利用这两种观测微调浅层黏滞系数,最终确定区域黏滞性结构.基于该方法反演了日本震源区的地幔黏滞性结构,地震断层破裂两侧的流变参数存在差异,大陆侧的地幔顶层黏滞系数在1.0×10¹⁹ Pa·s量级,而海洋侧的则略小于大陆的,在6.0×10¹⁸ Pa·s量级.     

GPS坐标向国家坐标转换的三维分离回归法

三维分离回归法是一种简单、有效、实用的转换方法,该方法可有效地克服病态矩阵问题。同时,为切实、有效地提高三维分离回归法的转换精度,计算时引入了三向尺度因子,使得三维转换参数由传统的7个变为现在的9个。详细介绍了三维分离回归法的基本原理、转换过程及转换实例。     

GPS与测距仪短距离测量精度探讨

GPS用于较短距离测量(几米到千米)的精度能够达到什么的量级,是工程测量者比较关注的问题。我们在一项特殊的工程中,同时使用GPS接收机和测距仪进行了距离测量,根据实测数据,分析GPS用于短距离测量所达到的精度。     

用GPS水准法测定单点垂线偏差

介绍了利用GPS和水准高差观测数据计算单点垂线偏差的理论与方法,系统地分析了测定垂线偏差的误差源,研究了观测方案与成果质量的关系,提出了保证垂线偏差测定精度的观测设计准则。通过与天文大地方法观测结果的实例比较,验证了该方法的有效性。     

双频GPS PPK技术在沿岸海道测量中的应用

通过介绍NovAtel OEM4高精度双频GPS和所采用的动态测量后处理(PPK)技术工作原理,论述了沿岸海道测量机动作业系统的设备组成、作业原理、测量实施、数据处理以及技术指标等,明确了PPK基准站的设立条件、方法和要求,并结合试验和外业工作实际进行讨论。     

汶川地震震前与同震断层滑移的比较分析

本文利用GPS观测的1999-2007年汶川震前3期地表变形数据和2008年汶川同震地表变形数据,结合地震位错理论,通过高斯变换和坐标旋转建立断层模型,运用遗传算法,反演了龙门山断裂带断层震前3期和同震滑动参数。结果表明龙门山断层震前3期平均走滑位移为-5.39mm,倾向位移为2.66mm,与同震断层滑移相比较,发现震前断层的滑移趋势与同震断层滑移一致,均为逆冲兼右旋的挤压运动。比较震前3期逆冲方向的滑移量,发现逆冲滑移有加速的现象。并根据震前和同震的断层滑动量估算了汶川地震复发周期。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF SLIP RATE DEFICIT ACROSS HAIYUAN-LIUPAN SHAN FAULT ZONE CONSTRAINED BY GPS DATA

As the northeast boundary of the Tibetan plateau, the Haiyuan-Liupan Shan fault zone has separated the intensely tectonic deformed Tibetan plateau from the stable blocks of Ordos and Alxa since Cenozoic era. It is an active fault with high seismic risk in the west of mainland China. Using geology and geodetic techniques, previous studies have obtained the long-term slip rate across the Haiyuan-Liupan Shan fault zone. However, the detailed locking result and slip rate deficit across this fault zone are scarce. After the 2008 Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake, the tectonic stress field of Longmen Shan Fault and its vicinity was changed, which suggests that the crustal movement and potential seismic risk of Haiyuan-Liupan Shan fault zone should be investigated necessarily. Utilizing GPS horizontal velocities observed before and after Wenchuan earthquake(1999~2007 and 2009~2014), the spatial and temporal distributions of locking and slip rate deficit across the Haiyuan-Liupan Shan fault zone are inferred. In our model, we assume that the crustal deformation is caused by block rotation, horizontal strain rate within block and locking on block-bounding faults. The inversion results suggest that the Haiyuan fault zone has a left-lateral strike-slip rate deficit, the northern section of Liupan Shan has a thrust dip-slip rate deficit, while the southern section has a normal dip-slip rate deficit. The locking depths of Maomao Shan and west section of Laohu Shan are 25km during two periods, and the maximum left-lateral slip rate deficit is 6mm/a. The locking depths of east section of Laohu Shan and Haiyuan segment are shallow, and creep slip dominates them presently, which indicates that these sections are in the postseismic relaxation process of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. The Liupan Shan Fault has a locking depth of 35km with a maximum dip-slip rate deficit of 2mm/a. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the high slip rate deficit across Liupan Shan Fault migrated from its middle to northern section, and the range decreased, while its southern section had a normal-slip rate deficit. Our results show that the Maomao Shan Fault and west section of Laohu Shan Fault could accumulate strain rapidly and these sections are within the Tianzhu seismic gap. Although the Liupan Shan Fault accumulates strain slowly, a long time has been passed since last large earthquake, and it has accumulated high strain energy possibly. Therefore, the potential seismic risks of these segments are significantly high compared to other segments along the Haiyuan-Liupan Shan fault zone.     

Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship between the Magnitude Deviation of the Station and Site Response in the Fujian Digital Seismic Network

Using the records of 3,069 regional earthquake events from the Fujian Digital Seismic Network from October 2008 to December 2015,in which the magnitude of each of the events was measured by at least six stations,statistics are taken on the deviation between the magnitude of a single station and the average magnitude of the network. It is found that the magnitudes average deviation of each station is-0. 31-0. 68. Statistics are also taken for the period corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the record measured in each station for calculating the magnitude,and the dominant period gained is 0. 06s-0. 38s; site response of each seismic station is inverted using the Moya method,and it is found that the site response of 98 stations is in the bands of 1-20 Hz,suggesting that the site has an amplifying or suppressing effect on the signals in certain frequency bands;Considering the site response corresponding to the inherent 0. 8s period of the WoodAnderson pendulum seismograph,and comparing the magnitude deviation caused by the site response corresponding to the dominant period time of each station with the average magnitude deviation, we obtain that there is a good linear relationship between the magnitude deviation from the dominant period site response and the average deviation of the magnitude of each station,indicating that the magnitude deviation of a single station has a close relationship with the site response of the period corresponding to the maximum amplitude measured for calculating the magnitude.     

中国地震台网监测能力评估和台站检测能力评分(2008—2015年)

针对中国地震台网"十五"项目建成后的地震监测能力科学评估的需求,为进一步优化台网布局、提升边疆海域等重点地区监测能力,本研究利用"基于概率的完整性震级"（PMC）方法,对中国地震台网1001个台站以及2008-10-01-2015-09-17期间实际产出的地震观测资料进行了研究,分析了指定震级档下的检测概率P_E和最小完整性震级M_P的分布.除台网整体监测能力分布外,为直观地用单分值表述逐个台站的地震检测能力,本文发展了基于等振幅曲线的"地震检测能力评分表",给出了国家台和区域台每个台站的地震检测能力评分统计特征和空间分布特征.此外,研究中还采用设定"最佳"地震监测能力目标函数的方式,模拟了通过改进观测条件可获得的地震台网监测能力提升的理论结果.研究结果表明,我国华北和东南沿海等东部地区地震监测能力较高,西部尤其是青藏高原南部地区M_p仅约为4.5,近海海域M_p仅约为3.5;从单个地震台站的运行效益角度,台网运行水平和地震观测资料的分析程度对台站的实际的地震检测能力影响显著,新疆等部分台站稀疏地区地震检测能力较高,而中等台站密度的贵州等部分区域相对较低;国家台的地震检测能力评分D_score系统优于区域台,新疆等西部边疆地区,以及福建等东南沿海地区的D_score明显高于台站密集的东部地区;模拟结果显示,在现有台站布局条件下,通过台站优化改造和提升运维管理水平,可显著提升对内蒙古西部、四川西部、甘肃-青海的北部交界地区、鄂尔多斯地块内部、贵州大部分地区,以及我国近海海域、朝鲜半岛北部和中南半岛北部地区的地震监测能力.