DLM-FvCB模型光合能力关键参数季节性参数化方案及模拟效果评估

选取包含9种植被功能型的15个通量塔观测数据（60站点年）,采用控制变量法,分别在月尺度和年尺度上对25℃时最大羧化速率（V_cmax25）进行优化,并利用未参与参数反演的站点年数据集定量评估这2种参数化方案的模拟效果。研究发现：① 在参数的季节变异方面：9种植被功能型的V_cmax25均呈现明显的季节性波动。V_cmax25的波动幅度为：冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,不同植被类型季节变化幅度相差不大,而寒带植被V_cmax25季节变化幅度接近温带植被的2倍;② 对生态系统初级生产力（GPP）估算的影响方面：V_cmax25季节性参数化方案显著提高了GPP的模拟能力和模拟精度,其中森林和灌木冬季提升最显著（R²提高了35.7%,RMSE降低了23.24%）,春秋季次之,夏季最小。然而,对于C₃草地,DLM无论采取V_cmax25季节性参数化方案还是年尺度参数化方案,均为系统低估GPP。     

Downstream evolution of wastewater treatment plant nutrient signals using high-temporal monitoring

Wastewater treatment plants are major point-sources of nutrients to streams globally, but the impact on receiving streams is not always clear. Previous research has shown mixed responses in receiving streams, with some showing no net retention through in-stream processing for large distances below plants and some showing high rates of processing and retention. This study focuses on Sandy Run, a small, suburban stream in Montgomery County, PA, that receives effluent from two plants, where effluent makes up an estimated 50% of outlet discharge at baseflow. Two sites were monitored in late summer baseflow using high-temporal loggers to evaluate nitrate and phosphate retention with distance below the plants. Effluent quantity was monitored immediately below the effluent outfalls using specific conductivity as a conservative signal of solute fluctuations throughout the day. A site 1 km downstream showed diel nitrate changes, but despite moderate gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration rates, there was little net retention of nutrients and the diel nitrate signal can be attributed to advection and dispersion of variable upstream effluent. A site 5.4 km below the plant showed a diel nitrate signal as well, but baseflow daily hysteresis plots of nitrate and specific conductivity showed the effluent and nitrate peaks did not coincide. Instead, the effluent input signal was seen overnight, but there was in-stream removal and release processes during the day. Over the distance to this site, the stream was metabolizing some of the high nutrient loads, although gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration rates were lower. It is important to understand subdaily changes in nutrient processing to fully quantify the impacts of effluent on small streams at different scales. Furthermore, looking at the diel signal without considering conservative transport would overestimate in-stream processing.     

基于MODIS的我国北方农牧交错带植被生长特征

基于2000—2006年 (2004年缺)6年MODIS每8 d的总生产力资料以及我国农业气象观测站点牧草的物候观测资料, 定量分析了我国北方农牧交错带植被以及牧草生长特征。结果表明:我国北方农牧交错带植被的年均GPP (Gross Primary Productivity, 总初级生产力) 从2000—2006年呈现出波动性的变化特征, 年平均值为234.45 g C · m-2。对该地区植被的GPP与同期气候要素的分析显示, 气温是影响该地区植被生长的主要气候因素, 降水其次。对牧草物候期的GPP分析表明, 不同地区牧草的物候期对应的GPP值不同; 牧草在开花期时GPP最大, 在出苗期和黄枯期时GPP相对较小, 但是同一地区牧草的出苗期和黄枯期GPP值相差不大。     

黑河流域植被水分利用效率时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）产品总初级生产力（GPP）、蒸散发（ET）及气象数据估算了黑河流域植被水分利用效率（WUE）,分析了WUE的时空变化及与气候因子的相关性。结果表明：2005-2014年黑河流域单位面积上多年平均GPP为314.44 gC·m^-2,ET为363.35 mm,多年平均植被WUE为1.15 gC·mm^-1H₂O·m^-2;黑河流域WUE总体呈由南向北递增的空间分布格局,年内呈现单峰型结构,WUE高值区分布在酒泉-临泽东西线上及额济纳斯荒漠河岸林地带,托勒的东南部地区为WUE低值区;黑河流域生态系统WUE具有明显的季节变化规律,表现为夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季的特征,夏季为1.32 gC·mm^-1H₂O·m^-2,冬季为0.75 gC·mm^-1H₂O·m^-2;水分利用效率年均分布与倾向率的增加具有一定的对应关系,莺落峡、民乐一带是WUE的高值区也是整个流域倾向率快速增长区,在WUE稳定性方面,中下游绿洲区变化最为显著,上游高海拔区、中下游戈壁区变化不显著;WUE与年降水量、年平均气温以负相关为主,其中降水是影响植被WUE的主要因素,正相关的区域分布在山丹县、民乐县东部、肃南裕固族自治县南部湖泊区域,而气温只在下游绿洲区呈正相关。     

Modeling gross primary production of a temperate grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia,China, using MODIS imagery and climate data

Carbon fluxes in temperate grassland ecosystems are characterized by large inter-annual variations due to fluctuations in precipitation and land water availability. Since an eddy flux tower has been in operation in the Xilin Gol grassland, which belongs to typical temperate grassland in North China, in this study, observed eddy covariance flux data were used to critically evaluate the biophysical per- formance of different remote sensing vegetation indices in relation to carbon fluxes. Furthermore, vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM) was introduced to estimate gross primary production (GPP) of the grassland ecosystem for assessing its dependability. As defined by the input variables of VPM, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradimeter (MODIS) and standard data product MOD09A1 were downloaded for calculating enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and land surface water index (LSWI). Measured air temperature (Ta) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) data were also included for model simulating. Field CO2 flux data, during the period from May, 2003 to September, 2005, were used to estimate the "observed" GPP (GPPobs) for validation. The seasonal dynamics of GPP predicted from VPM (GPPVPM) was compared quite well (R2=0.903, N=111, p<0.0001) with the observed GPP. The ag- gregate GPPVPM for the study period was 641.5 g C·m?2, representing a ~6% over-estimation, compared with GPPobs. Additionally, GPP predicted from other two typical production efficiency model (PEM) represents either higher overestimation or lower underestimation to GPPobs. Results of this study demonstrate that VPM has potential for estimating site-level or regional grassland GPP, and might be an effective tool for scaling-up carbon fluxes.     

退耕还林还草工程对黄土高原植被总初级生产力的影响

采用Landsat解译的2000年和2015年土地利用/覆盖数据和VPM模型（Vegetation Photosynthesis Model）模拟的2000~2016年总初级生产力（Gross Primary Productivity, GPP）数据,识别出了近16 a黄土高原退耕还林还草的空间范围,并估算了GPP的年际变化趋势。在此基础上,对比分析了退耕区和未退耕区GPP年际变化的差异,从而揭示退耕还林还草工程对GPP年际变化的影响。结果显示,2000~2015年,黄土高原退耕还林还草面积约3.5万km ²,占2000年耕地面积的16.8%。期间,GPP呈增加趋势,GPP显著上升区域占全区面积的67.3%,平均增速24.1 g/(m ²?a)（以C计,下同）。虽然退耕区多年平均GPP低于未退耕区,但退耕区GPP年际增速和相对变化率明显高于未退耕区,分别提高了5.9 g/(m ²?a)和1.5%。     

日光诱导叶绿素荧光遥感反演及碳循环应用进展

在植被遥感领域,遥感植被指数在过去30年极大地促进了从宏观尺度上来理解和认识地球生物圈,但是以"绿度"观测为主的植被指数仅表征植被"潜在光合作用",而不能直接量化"实际光合作用"。植被叶绿素荧光在光合作用探测上具有优势,是"实际光合作用"的直接探测方法。日光诱导叶绿素荧光(SIF)遥感是近年快速发展起来的新型遥感技术,尤其是2011年实现全球尺度卫星反演以来,在反演算法、植被监测和碳循环应用等方面发展迅速,是近10年来植被遥感领域最具突破性的研究前沿。本文阐述了现阶段(2011年以来)SIF遥感反演及其在碳循环应用方面的进展。本文首先介绍了卫星SIF遥感的发展及其反演算法现状;然后重点剖析了其在陆地生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)估算、全球碳循环监测、物候和植被胁迫监测等方面的应用现状和特点;最后从卫星SIF反演算法优化、SIF-GPP关系机理、SIF多尺度综合观测和全球碳循环监测等方面对今后植被SIF遥感的发展前景进行了展望。     

我国北方地区植被总初级生产力的空间分布与季节变化

本研究通过集成Terra MODIS卫星影像数据与地面通量台站的观测数据, 改进了基于遥感的VPM光能利用率模型, 模拟了我国北方地区2008年陆地生态系统总初级生产力 (GPP) 的空间分布与季节变化。研究表明: (1) 我国北方地区植被GPP在空间分布上表现为东高西低的特征, 年均值为518.36 g/m2 (C重量, 下同)。 (2) 我国北方地区主要植被类型的GPP有较强的季节动态, 大体上都表现出单峰变化趋势。GPP值按照由大到小顺序依次为: 夏绿阔叶林 (DBF)>针阔混交林 (MF)>农田 (Crop)>落叶针叶林 (DNF)>常绿针叶林 (ENF)>草地 (Grass)>稀疏灌丛 (Oshrub)>裸地或稀疏植被 (BSV)。(3) 整个区域的GPP季相变化表现为: 夏季最高, 达到32.80 g?m-2?(8 d)-1, 为全年最大值; 春季GPP为5.67 g?m-2?(8 d)-1, 与秋季的5.08 g?m-2?(8 d)-1较为接近, 冬季GPP最弱, 仅为0.07 g?m-2?(8 d)-1。与通量台站实测值及前人研究结果的比较表明, 本文所模拟的GPP与观测值之间的相对误差绝对值多小于15%, 表明模拟结果具有较好的可靠性。这说明通过集成遥感观测数据与台站观测数据的方法来模拟GPP, 可以较准确地模拟区域尺度的GPP空间分布与时间变化, 这为深入研究陆气相互作用提供了重要研究手段。     

Quantifying water stress effect on daily light use efficiency in Mediterranean ecosystems using satellite data

ABSTRACT

The capacity of six water stress factors (ε′_i) to track daily light use efficiency (ε) of water-limited ecosystems was evaluated. These factors are computed with remote sensing operational products and a limited amount of ground data: ε′₁ uses ground precipitation and air temperature, and satellite incoming global solar radiation; ε′₂ uses ground air temperature, and satellite actual evapotranspiration and incoming global solar radiation; ε′₃ uses satellite actual and potential evapotranspiration; ε′₄ uses satellite soil moisture; ε′₅ uses satellite-derived photochemical reflectance index; and ε′₆ uses ground vapor pressure deficit. These factors were implemented in a production efficiency model based on Monteith’s approach in order to assess their performance for modeling gross primary production (GPP). Estimated GPP was compared to reference GPP from eddy covariance (EC) measurements (GPP_EC) in three sites placed in the Iberian Peninsula (two open shrublands and one savanna). ε′_i were correlated to ε, which was calculated by dividing GPP_EC by ground measured photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and satellite-derived fraction of absorbed PAR. Best results were achieved by ε′₁, ε′₂, ε′₃ and ε′₄ explaining around 40% and 50% of ε variance in open shurblands and savanna, respectively. In terms of GPP, R²?≈?0.70 were obtained in these cases.     

3GPP HARQ简述

介绍了链路层用于差错控制的常用技术－－前向纠错编码（FEC）和自动重传请求（ARQ）结合的技术，即混合ARQ。主要介绍HARQ的3种基本类型（编码方案）和ARQ的3个标准重传协议，最后简要给出了3GPP HARQ的两种应用方式。