Source time functions of the Gonghe，China earthquake retrieved from long－period digital waveform data using empirical Green＇s function technique

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低应变反射波法波形拟合技术的研究

针对目前低应变反射波法利用信息量不够的问题,从桩的振动和波动理论出发,推导出了桩土体系的理论模型,并对激振力和传感器特性进行了模拟,提出了利用波形拟合技术来定量分析桩身完整性,对工程桩进行了拟合分析,取得了一定的效果。同时对多解性问题进行了讨论。     

Wave properties and focal mechanisms of N-type earthquakes at Asama volcano

N-type earthquakes sometimes occur before the eruption of andesitic volcanoes, but their source mechanism has not been understood well. Their waveforms have stationary periods and decay slowly resembling to damped oscillation. They have common characteristics of spectra among the different stations; these spectral peaks appear at almost equal intervals of 1.0 Hz with common sharpness. We made detailed analysis on the N-type earthquakes observed at Asama volcano in July 1995. During 10 days activity, the duration of each earthquake increased gradually from 40 s to 3 min, while the peak frequency decreased from 2.7 to 0.8 Hz. Hypocenters are distributed slightly west under the summit crater with 0.4–1.7 km above sea-level. Source mechanism of the N-type earthquake is determined using a waveform inversion technique. Synthetic waveforms are calculated using 2D finite difference method. Surface topography is included in the calculation to incorporate the case that the source region is higher than the stations. Since the optimum solution has a large volumetric component, we approximated the volumetric part as a volume change of fluid filled sphere or cylinder or plane crack, and decomposed the solution into volumetric and non-volumetric part. Consequently, it is revealed that the optimum solution can be expressed as “crack expansion (contraction)+small fault slip”, because the spectral peak distribution advocates the crack expansion model among these three candidates. The frequency change during this activity may be explained by the time variation of the sound speed of inner fluid from 300 to 100 m/s. The change of the void fraction of water–steam phase might have caused the decrease of the sound speed.     

Improvements in mining induced microseismic source locations at the Lucky Friday mine using an automated whole-waveform analysis system

For years, severe rockburst problems at the Lucky Friday mine in northern Idaho have been a persistent safety hazard and an impediment to production. An MP250 based microseismic monitoring system, which uses simple voltage threshold picking of first arrivals, has been used in this mine since 1973 to provide source locations and energy estimates of seismic events. Recently, interest has been expressed in developing a whole waveform microseismic monitoring system for the mine to provide more accurate source locations and information about source characteristics. For this study, we have developed a prototype whole-waveform microseismic monitoring system based on a 80386 computer equipped with a 50 kHz analog-digital convertor board. The software developed includes a data collection program, a data analysis program, and an event detection program. Whole-waveform data collected and analyzed using this system during a three-day test have been employed to investigate sources of error in the hypocenter location process and to develop an automatic phase picker appropriate for microseismic events.Comparison of hypocenter estimates produced by the MP250 system to those produced by the whole-waveform system shows that significant timing errors are common in the MP250 system and that these errors caused a large part of the scatter evident in the daily activity plots produced at the mine. Simulations and analysis of blast data show that analytical control over the solutions is strongly influenced by the array geometry. Within the geophone array, large errors in the velocity model or moderate timing errors may result in small changes in the solution, but outside the array, the solution is very sensitive to small changes in the data.Our whole-waveform detection program picks event onset times and determines event durations by analysis of a segmented envelope function (SEF) derived from the microseismic signal. The detection program has been tested by comparing its arrival time picks to those generated by human analysis of the data set. The program picked 87% of the channels that were picked by hand with a standard error of 0.75 milliseconds. Source locations calculated using times provided by our entire waveform detection program were similar to those calculated using hand-picked arrival times. In particular, they show far less scatter than source locations calculated using arrival times based on simple voltage threshold picking of first arrivals.     

高水固化材料在南京铅锌银矿中的应用

南京铅锌银矿是地下开采矿山,历史上遗留的大量采空区已严重威胁地面风景区的稳定,区内不断发生地面沉降、塌陷等地质灾害;１９８８年以后,采矿方法更改为分级尾砂充填法后,随之又带来对井下作业环境的污染;选矿后产生的尾泥直接排入长江,造成环境污染。在本项研究中,提出“用全尾砂加高水固化材料充填采空区和生产采场”方案,并进行工业性试验,效果良好,可解决上述三大问题。     

Separation of multi-mode surface waves by supervised machine learning methods

Logistic regression, neural networks and support vector machines are tested for their effectiveness in isolating surface waves in seismic shot records. To distinguish surface waves from other arrivals, we train the algorithms on three distinguishing features of surface-wave dispersion curves in the domain: spectrum coherency of the trace's magnitude spectrum, local dip and the frequency range for a fixed wavenumber k in the spectrum. Numerical tests on synthetic data show that the kernel-based support vector machines algorithm gives the highest accuracy in predicting the surface-wave window in the domain compared to neural networks and logistic regression. This window is also used to automatically pick the fundamental dispersion curve. The other two methods correctly pick the low-frequency part of the dispersion curve but fail at higher frequencies where there is interference with higher-order modes.     

用小波变换方法反演接收函数

提出了一种用小波变换方法反演接收函数的新方法. 通过对接收函数作离散小波变换，将接收函数展开到不同分辨尺度，从一给定的初始模型出发，分别在不同分辨尺度上用广义线性反演方法，对展开后的接收函数进行反演. 并将低阶接收函数的反演结果作为高阶接收函数的初始模型，在大尺度空间找到包含全局极小值的一个邻域，并逐步缩小该邻域.渐进地获取介质结构的跳变信息，从而保证反演结果稳定地收敛到全局极小点，降低接收函数波形反演对初始模型的依赖，尽可能克服波形反演的非唯一性，得到比较可靠的高分辨率的地壳上地幔速度结构．      

一种反演滤波器设计方法研究

该文针对在地震数据采集器中，使用最小相位滤波器而带来的波形畸变，提出了波形反演的概念，讨论了用逆滤波器直接反演可能出现的问题，并给出了一种反演滤波器的设计方法，经实验模拟证明，该方法是可行的。