Geosat／GM波形重跟踪反演中国沿海区域重力异常

利用Geosat/GM测高波形数据,在中国海域内(117°E～129°E,21°N～41°N)比较了阈值法、Beta5和改进阈值法三种重跟踪算法.分析表明,改进阚值法优于其他两种重跟踪方法.由改进阈值法的测高数据.分别采用最小二乘法(least sqlilare collocation,LSC)和逆Vening-Meinesz(IVM)计算了卫星测高重力异常,并与船测重力数据进行了比较.结果显示,LSC的精度优于IVM.与KMS02和Sandwell & Smith V15两个重力场模型相比较,本文结果在东海优于这两个模型,在台湾海域结果稍差,需要融合ERS-1等其他数据进一步提高精度.     

ESTIMATION OF SITE AMPLIFICATION FROM DAHAN DOWNHOLE RECORDINGS

Four-level Dahan downhole recordings are used to investigate site amplification due to the near-surface structure. The downhole array is installed at the depths of 0 m (surface), 50, 100 and 200 m. Eight sets of data presenting well-separated incident and reflected waves (from the free surface) are selected to analyse the site amplification. Five techniques of spectral ratios have been tested to determine the most reliable way to estimate site response. The superior one is the ratio of Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Fourier amplitude spectra, because it has the minimum number of pseudopeaks. However, the pseudopeaks can be further reduced by omitting those ratios with small denominators. Results show that the amplification factors are nearly uniform at the depths of 50 and 100 m, where their values fall between one and two. This factor is frequency-dependent at the surface and in the range from two to five under 6 Hz. These results agree well with those from time-domain analyses and the transmission-coefficient estimation except that the latter overestimates the amplification factor of the surface station. This suggests that the shallow velocity structure provided by the geotechnical survey might be underestimated. Numerical modelling also supports the underestimation of velocity at near surface since the synthetic SH waves based on a modified velocity model can match these observations well.     

全波场地震勘探技术

全波场地震勘探是近年来出现的一个全新的勘探理念,它包括全波场采集和全波场处理等各方面.本文首先描述了全波场地震勘探的特点,然后从观测系统设计、对采集设备要求及布置方式、矢量滤波、各向异性速度分析以及各向异性成像等方面介绍了其与常规3D地震勘探的差异,说明了全波场勘探可以从根本上解决有关储层物性和流体性质方面的信息问题,将引起地震勘探技术的革命.     

一种利用级联小波变换的ICES at-GLAS 波形去噪方法

波形去噪是大光斑星载激光雷达数据处理和应用结果可靠性的重要保障。针对ICESat-GLAS回波波形中的噪声问题,构建一种自适应阈值的级联离散小波变换的方法,可实现对地球科学激光测高系统(GLAS)回波信号的去噪处理,该方法既能够使高频信号得到再分解,又降低小波包变换去噪的复杂度。通过与传统的小波噪声阈值去噪等方法的对比分析,可以发现:在同样的小波分解层次下,文中构建的方法要优于传统的小波噪声阈值法,有助于ICESat-GLAS大光斑激光雷达波形数据去噪处理。     

Reflection multi‐scale envelope inversion

Sufficient low‐frequency information is essential for full‐waveform inversion to get the global optimal solution. Multi‐scale envelope inversion was proposed using a new Fréchet derivative to invert the long‐wavelength component of the model by directly using the low‐frequency components contained in an envelope of seismic data. Although the new method can recover the main structure of the model, the inversion quality of the model bottom still needs to be improved. Reflection waveform inversion reduces the dependence of inversion on low‐frequency and long‐offset data by using travel‐time information in reflected waves. However, when the underground medium contains strong contrast or the initial model is far away from the true model, it is hard to get reliable reference reflectors for the generation of reflected waves. Here, we propose a combination inversion algorithm, i.e., reflection multi‐scale envelope inversion, to overcome the limitations of multi‐scale envelope inversion and reflection waveform inversion. First, wavefield decomposition was introduced into the multi‐scale envelope inversion to improve the inversion quality of the long‐wavelength components of the model. Then, after the initial model had been established to be accurate enough, migration and de‐migration were introduced to achieve multi‐scale reflection waveform inversion. The numerical results of the salt‐layer model and the SEG/EAGE salt model verified the validity of the proposed approach and its potential.     

山西运城Ms4.3、3.4两次地震波形特征和震源新参数对比分析

对山西运城2016年3月12日Ms4.3和27日Ms3.4两次地震的波形特征和震源参数进行对比分析。结果显示,波形一致性很好,PmP波可能由于震源深度的差异,导致在同一台站的特征有所不同;震源机制解非常接近,说明两次地震的应力场作用方式一致。     

基于归一化能量谱目标函数的全波形反演方法

基于L2范数的常规全波形反演目标函数是一个强非线性泛函,在反演过程中容易陷入局部极小值.本文提出归一化能量谱目标函数来缓解全波形反演过程中的强非线性问题,同时能够有效地缓解噪声和震源子波不准等因素的影响.能量谱目标函数是通过匹配观测数据与模拟数据随频率分布的能量信息来实现最小二乘反演的,其忽略了地震数据波形与相位变化的细节特征,这在反演的过程中能够有效缓解波形匹配错位等问题.数值测试结果表明,基于归一化能量谱目标函数在构建初始速度模型、抗噪性和缓解震源子波依赖等方面都优于归一化全波形反演目标函数.金属矿模型测试结果表明,即使地震数据缺失低频分量,基于归一化能量谱目标函数的全波形反演方法在像金属矿这样的强散射介质反演问题上同样具有一定的优势.     

解耦纵横波反射波走时反演

基于常规弹性波动方程的反射波走时反演结合走时和反射波信息可以有效的摄取模型参数中的低波数成分,然而纵横波之间的耦合效应以及纵横波速度对波场的敏感性差异,导致反演的非线性问题增强.为此本文研究了基于解耦波动方程的反射波走时反演,并提出改进的时移互相关目标函数,分别隐式计入射波场快照与反传波场快照的时移量,很大程度的降低了纵波、横波之间的耦合关系,并提高纵横波速度低波数信息的反演质量.最后模型测试证明了本文方法的正确性.     

首都圈地区中小地震全波形震源机制反演

目前对首都圈地区中小地震的震源机制研究所用的方法主要有P波初动极性法、 振幅比法及波形反演方法。 前两种方法只利用了波形中很少量的信息, 且对于稀疏台阵效果较差, 而传统的波形反演法也仅利用了波形的部分信息, 且对于震级、 数据资料等有一定的要求。 为克服上述传统方法中的局限并进一步提高震源机制解的准确性, 本文采用一种新的综合利用上述各种信息的全波形匹配方法来反演首都圈地区中小地震的震源机制解, 提高反演解的可靠性。 为了检验所使用的全波形匹配震源机制反演方法的可靠性, 我们首先进行了合成数据测试, 结果表明全波形匹配方法可以得到稳定可靠的震源机制解。 利用新的全波形匹配方法计算了2019年4月北京发生的两次地震震源机制解, 并结合活动断裂进行分析。 将新的全波形震源机制反演方法应用于首都圈地区2015年以来的22个地震(2.2≤M≤4.3), 并对22个地震的震源机制解及应力轴分布进行了分析, 与前人研究结果具有较好的一致性。