基于流域的我国生态功能区划方法研究

生态功能区划是我国正在开展的一项关于资源与环境管理的重大基础性工作.生态功能区划的理论和方法是当前生态学、环境科学、地理学等学科面临的一项新的热点课题.本文首先讨论了生态功能区划的概念,从认识区划看,生态功能区划属于生态系统区域划分的范畴,从实践的角度,则强调人文活动对生态系统可持续能力产生的影响,指出自然生态区不是生态功能区,生态功能区须反映人类的利用和价值判断.生态功能区划,不单是以自然要素或自然系统的"地带性分异"为基础,更是以生态系统的等级结构和尺度原则为基础,用生态系统完整性的评价测量人类活动对生态系统的影响,将生态功能区划的科学基础落在"基于生态系统的管理"平台上.文章提出了基于流域的我国生态功能区划的初步思想,讨论了区划的原则和方法,建立了生态系统完整性评价和功能区划分的指标体系.其基本内容是,认识并按照生态系统的自然边界划分生态系统单元;进行生态系统完整性评价;在此基础上划分不同的生态功能区,确定主导生态功能.     

融合多源数字信息的流域水系提取方法研究

由于DEM数据不包括河流、湖泊(水库)及流域边界和堤坝等信息,因此常规仅依靠DEM提取水系的方法不能反映平坦区域及受人类影响强烈区域水系的真实特征。该文建立了融合DEM、河流、湖泊水库、流域边界和堤坝等多源数字信息的流域水系提取方法,对多源信息进行栅格化,采用所提出的高程-距离函数对DEM进行校正,使得提取的数字水系与实际水系精确拟合。将该方法应用于山区太湖西苕溪流域老石坎水库及其上游集水区和平原丘陵分布区的淮河史灌河蒋家集站、梅山、鲇鱼山水库区间流域,提取的河网结构与地图信息拟合较好。     

Recognition of Paleo-Tethys Suture Zone in eastern Myanmar

The site of final closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean during the Triassic-Jurassic was marked by the colli-sional event between the Shan Massif and Indochina plate, in eastern Myanmar. Previous site of consumption of Paleo-Tethys is now occupied by a complex zone of suturing and deformation along Than Lwin River and in the east of it, formed by drastic tectonic evolution. It is geographically located approximately between longitudes 98E and 100E, and it extends northwards to Yunnan and southwards into West Thailand. The sigmoidal wrench struc-tures of suture zone is situated in the east of step-like structures of Shan Massif, and the western boundary of the suture zone must be immediately on the west side of Than Lwin River and the eastern boundary is near the east border of Myanmar. The area is largely covered by younger rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. The Upper Pa-leozoic units of Carboniferous to Permian comprise limestone and dolomite of the Plateau Limestone overlying unconformably the Lower Paleozoic rocks. Metasedimentary rocks of the Carboniferous and their metamorphic equivalents and the flysch-like Triassic-Jurassic units are found as folded and thrusted beds in the area. Large complex of granitic rocks of Late Triassic are also found. Metavolcanics, gabbro and a large number of chromite occur along with these units. A preliminary delineation of a suture zone as the site of closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean in Myanmar territory is made for the first time and this zone is believed to be a tectonic linkage between Changning-Menglian belt of West China and Inthanon Zone of West Thailand.     

隐伏构造蚀变岩型钼矿区勘探线布设方法及矿体圈定中有关问题的讨论

建议隐伏矿矿区采用行、排剖面网法布置勘探线和钻孔,利于多方位编制研究性勘探线剖面图,研究和确定深部矿体产状。对隐伏构造蚀变岩型、石英脉—蚀变岩型钼矿333类型资源/储量的圈定与外推分七种情况作了叙述,对米.百分值工程矿体的圈定和外推分五种情况作了叙述。低品位矿应圈定矿体与估算资源/储量。     

应用计算机进行固体矿产储量计算,提高地质工作水平

Windos XP版储量计算程序是作者90年代DOS版的全面升级。该程序按照目前地质工作普遍采用的公式和做法,符合现行规范规定和要求。程序对储量计算中矿体圈定等难点解决较好。该程序已经多个矿区应用检验,最近又为南非英铂公司采用推广。     

Y11B航空物探(电/磁)综合站西北找水初步成果

1997年9月23日～10月8日,在甘肃省安西—敦煌地区用Y11B航空物探(电/磁)综合站和GPS导航定位进行了地下水勘查试生产工作。用均匀大地模型,结合已知的水文地质资料,初步圈定了淡水区、过渡类型水区、咸水区和苦水区及泉水湖。所推断的水质和土壤含盐量与大的水文地质单元和1:20万水文地质普查报告都吻合得很好,且细节更为清楚。对差异较大的地方做了分析和解释。     

松散干容重对黏土质硅藻土矿床的评价作用

吉林省敦化市高松树硅藻土矿为含黏土矿物及碎屑较多的劣质硅藻土.在对本矿区样品分析结果对比中发现,由于围岩及夹层的化学组分与矿层相同,常规的工业指标不能区分矿石与岩石.为了能够对矿床做出正确评价,在测试样品基本分析项目外又增加了松散干容重一项.经反复测试研究,确定了以松散干容重≤0.95 g/cm³作为指标之一,与其他工业指标一起圈定矿层,成功地解决了矿体圈定及矿石质量评价问题.     

风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿圈矿方法评价

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国特有的珍贵资源。稀土总量(TREO)与稀土浸取量(SREO)是评价这类矿产资源规模与可利用价值的重要指标,但是四十多年来勘查评价方法一直以总量圈矿、以配分定性,与其采矿工艺和当前稀土价值不符。本文在矿区勘查实践的基础上,通过分析大量系统的样品测试结果,结合近五年稀土价格推算的浸取量和单元素圈矿指标,开展了稀土总量、稀土浸取量和稀土单元素三种圈矿方法对比研究。结果表明,同一对比区内,用稀土总量≥0.05%圈出的矿体与稀土浸取量≥0.03%圈出的矿体,后者的矿体面积、矿体厚度及资源储量要明显大于前者,存在一些地段或部位总量圈定不是矿而浸取量圈定是矿,一些地段或部位总量圈定是矿而浸取量圈定不是矿的现象。稀土单元素圈矿能够直观地反映稀土的主要组分及分布状况,有利于体现单一稀土矿床的经济价值,较稀土总量圈矿和稀土浸取量圈矿更加精细、更加合理,是值得深入研究的一种科学评价方法;但也可能出现因一些元素含量偏低而难以单独圈矿的现象,从而造成资源流失。本文提出,在勘查评价风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床时,为保障资源的充分利用,在稀土单元素圈矿的基础上,还应注重综合评价。     

CryoSheds: a GIS modeling framework for delineating land-ice watersheds for the Greenland Ice Sheet

Choice of watershed delineation technique is an important source of uncertainty for cryo-hydrologic studies of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), with different methods yielding different watersheds for a common pour point. First, this paper explores this uncertainty for the Akuliarusiarsuup Kuua River Northern Tributary, Western Greenland. Next, a standardized, semi-automated modeling framework for generating land-ice watersheds for GrIS land-terminating ice (henceforth referred to as CryoSheds) using geographic information systems (GIS) hydrologic modeling tools is presented. The framework uses ArcGIS and the ArcPy geoprocessing library to delineate two types of land-ice watersheds, namely those defined by: (1) a hydraulic pressure potential with varying water to ice overburden pressure ratios (k-value), which determines theoretical flow paths from the hydrostatic equation, using surface and bedrock digital elevation models (DEMs) and (2) a surface topography DEM alone. Lastly, a demonstration of the CryoSheds method is presented for seven remotely sensed proglacial pour points along the Aussivigssuit River (AR), Western Greenland, and its largest tributaries. GrIS meltwater runoff from these seven nested land-ice watersheds is estimated using Modele Atmospherique Regional (MAR) v.3.2 and runoff uncertainties due to watershed delineation parameter selection is estimated.