长江口邻近海域夏季大型底栖生物群落特征

本文根据2014年6月长江口邻近海域大型底栖生物的调查资料, 采用优势度指数, 物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数, Bray-Curtis相似性聚类和非参数多维标度排序(nMDS)标序方法, 分析了长江口邻近海域夏季大型底栖生物的群落特征。本次调查共采集大型底栖生物135种, 其中多毛类66种, 甲壳动物33种, 棘皮动物14种, 软体动物13种, 其他类群9种。调查海域的大型底栖生物平均丰度为122.2ind/m₂,平均生物量为7.8g/ m₂。丰度、生物量和多样性指数在不同海区间的空间差异均不显著。大型底栖生物在20%的相似性水平上可以划分为8个群组,各站位间相似性水平较低。ABC曲线表明,伴随海岸带开发及人类活动的持续影响, 长江口邻近海域底栖生境的稳定性受到轻微扰动, 建议继续开展长期连续的监测, 为研究长江口海域环境变化和大型底栖生物群落演替提供基础资料。     

Tree species identification within an extensive forest area with diverse management regimes using airborne hyperspectral data

Information on tree species composition is crucial in forest management and can be obtained using remote sensing. While the topic has been addressed frequently over the last years, the remote sensing-based identification of tree species across wide and complex forest areas is still sparse in the literature. Our study presents a tree species classification of a large fraction of the Białowieża Forest in Poland covering 62 000 ha and being subject to diverse management regimes. Key objectives were to obtain an accurate tree species map and to examine if the prevalent management strategy influences the classification results. Tree species classification was conducted based on airborne hyperspectral HySpex data. We applied an iterative Support Vector Machine classification and obtained a thematic map of 7 individual tree species (birch, oak, hornbeam, lime, alder, pine, spruce) and an additional class containing other broadleaves. Generally, the more heterogeneous the area was, the more errors we observed in the classification results. Managed forests were classified more accurately than reserves. Our findings indicate that mapping dominant tree species with airborne hyperspectral data can be accomplished also over large areas and that forest management and its effects on forest structure has an influence on classification accuracies and should be actively considered when progressing towards operational mapping of tree species composition.     

科尔沁沙质放牧草地植物多样性及生态位的分异规律研究

研究结果表明:①不同放牧强度下群落演替方向和速度有很大差异,其中过牧使植被种类组成趋于简单,植物多样性指数下降,草地中以一年生劣质牧草占绝对优势,轻牧和禁牧则相反;②由于群落的物种组成和植物种群数量的变化,使群落占据的物种生态位也明显分异,其中轻牧和禁牧的生态位宽度指数趋于增大,过牧趋于下降,中牧年际波动大。由于生态位分离明显,使生态位相似性降低,生态位重叠部分很小;③随着植被的分异,在属性空间上其位置发生飘移,变异越大,飘移的愈分散,其中轻牧和禁牧下植被在属性空间的位置呈曲线型分布,说明其演替呈有规律的渐变过程,而重牧下植被分异剧烈,各点在空间分布零散且距离远,说明其演替跃变性强。     

The global rainforest mapping project JERS-1:a paradigm of international collaboration for monitoring land cover change

The Global Rainforest Mapping (GRFM) project was initiated in 1995 and, through a dedicated data acquisition policy by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA), data acquisitions could be completed within a 1.5-year period, resulting in a spatially and temporally homogeneous coverage to contain the entire Amazon Basin from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Central America up to the Yucatan Peninsular in Mexico; equatorial Africa from Madagascar and Kenya in the east to Sierra Leone in the west; and Southeast Asia, including Papua New Guinea. To some extent, GRFM project is an international endeavor led by NASDA, with the goal of producing spatially and temporally contiguous Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data sets over the tropical belt on the Earth by use of the JERS-1 L-band SAR, through the generation of semi-continental, 100m resolution, image mosaics. The GRFM project relies on extensive collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Joint Research Center of the European Commission (JRC) and the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for data acquisition, processing, validation and product generation. A science program is underway in parallel with product generation. This involves the agencies mentioned above, as well as a large number of international organizations, universities and individuals to perform field activities and data analysis at different levels.     

基于Hyperion高光谱数据和随机森林方法的岩性分类与分析

探索利用高光谱数据的岩性填图新方法是遥感地质应用领域的重要需求之一。本文运用随机森林方法和EO-1Hyperion高光谱数据,对新疆塔里木西北部柯坪地区的局部区域进行岩性分类,并对相关问题进行分析。分别利用光谱特征以及加入光谱一阶导数特征进行岩性分类,并对不同特征对岩性分类的重要性进行分析,同时与现有的基于光谱角制图方法(SAM)进行比较。结果表明,与SAM方法相比,随机森林方法得到了更高精度的岩性分类结果,是一种有效可行的岩性分类方法。根据特征重要性的排序,蓝绿光波段、短波红外波段以及相应的一阶导数特征对研究区Hyperion数据的沉积岩岩性分类贡献更大。     

台湾海峡北部海区浮游动物的分布和群落划分

1994年8月（夏季）和1995年2月（冬季）,对25．00－26．50°N,122.00°E以西水域的浮游动物进行了2个航次调查。结果表明,非胶质浮游动物总生物量有明显的季节变化,夏季生物量为冬季的5．88倍。夏季的浮游动物总生物量和群落多样性（H'）均较丰富,这和多个水团在此交汇有关。通过聚类分析,两个季节都存在两个不同的群落,群落生活小区的位置有明显的季节变化。夏季的两个暖流水群落和冬季台湾海峡混合水群落的H'值高和比较高,浙闽沿岸水群落的H'值低。     

刀鲚与湖鲚线粒体细胞色素b基因片段多态性及遗传关系

使用线粒体细胞色素6基因片段序列为分子标记,分析了刀鲚和湖鲚的遗传多态性及遗传关系．在两个群体中共检测到5种不同的单倍型．刀鲚和湖鲚的单倍型多样性指数分别为0．9000和0．7000;核苷酸多样性指数分别为0．3763％和0．4301％．分子方差分析显示两者遗传分化的水平很低,群体间的差异对总的变异没有贡献．所以认为它们之间的差异尚未达到亚种水平,这一结果支持湖鲚是刀鲚的一个地理种群的观点．     

Biodiversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes in a tropical bay: Cienfuegos, Caribbean Sea

Spatial and temporal biodiversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes were studied in Cienfuegos Bay, a tropical semi-enclosed basin in the Caribbean Sea. Taxonomic (to species level) and functional (biological trait) approaches were applied for describing the assemblage structure and relating it to abiotic environment based on a sampling scheme in six subtidal stations and three months. Biological trait approach added relevant information to species pattern regarding relationships between diversity patterns and the abiotic environment. The most common morphotypes were deposit feeding nematodes, with colonising abilities of 2–3 (in a scale from 1 to 5), tail conical cylindrical or filiforme and body slender; and their abundance were correlated with depth, organic matter and silt/clay fraction. In spite of a high turnover of species, functional diversity of assemblages did not change notably in space and time. A result probably due to sampling of the habitat pool of species and to low heterogeneity of the studied muddy bottoms. Chemical pollution (organic enrichment and heavy metals) and hydrodynamic regime possibly drove the biodiversity patterns. Spatial distribution of assemblages support the existence of two well differentiated basins inside the bay, the northern basin more polluted than the southern one. The low hydrodynamic regime would determine a poor dispersion of nematodes resulting in high spatial variance in the assemblage structure; and also the associated hypoxic conditions and pollutants in sediments can explain the dominance of tolerant nematode species such as Daptonema oxycerca, Sabatieria pulchra, Terschellingia gourbaultae, and Terschellingia longicaudata. A comparison of spatial–temporal patterns of biodiversity between Cienfuegos Bay and other semi-enclosed bays in temperate regions suggests several similarities: nematode assemblages are strongly influenced by anthropogenic disturbance, temporal trends are weak or overridden by spatial ones, and few cosmopolitan genera/species tolerant to pollution and hypoxic conditions are dominant.     

基于形态学和宏条形码技术的南海西沙群岛浮游动物多样性的比较分析

西沙群岛是我国南海陆地面积最大的群岛,海域广阔,拥有重要的战略地位与丰富的海洋资源。为了解该海域浮游动物组成与分布特征,本研究于2019年5月在西沙群岛14个岛礁站位开展多学科综合调查,并采用形态学方法和基于18S V9测序的宏条形码技术对浮游动物样本组成进行鉴定。结果显示,此次西沙调查站位浮游动物样本的主要种类包括桡足类、软甲纲和箭虫纲,这3个类别的物种在两种鉴定方法中均具有较高的相对丰度。14个站位浮游动物平均密度为707.53±378.34 ind/m³,各站位浮游动物丰度、物种组成及优势种存在差异。形态学方法共鉴定出11门17纲18目共86个物种,18S V9分子方法鉴定出22门46纲85目共233个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs),分子鉴定的物种覆盖度更高,且代表性类群相对丰度和多样性指数在大部分站位与形态学鉴定结果呈现出显著相关性,表明宏条形码技术鉴定方法与形态学鉴定方法在评价海洋浮游动物多样性方面具有较好的可比性,在我国海洋浮游动物群落监测中具有较高的应用潜力。但由于目前浮游动物的分子鉴定方法仍处于初...     

日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域春、秋季浮游动物群落结构研究

以2015年5月(春季)和10月(秋季)在日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域进行的浮游动物调查数据为例,分析了该海域浮游动物的群落结构特征。调查海域两季共发现浮游动物成体20种,浮游幼虫7类,其中春季成体12种,浮游幼虫4类,秋季成体19种,浮游幼虫6类;春、秋两季调查浮游动物平均丰度分别为128.1 ind./m³、103.3 ind./m³;平均生物量(湿重)分别为1 129.9 mg/m³、954.3 mg/m³;平均多样性指数分别为2.39、2.01;平均丰富度指数分别为0.85、1.21;平均均匀度指数分别为0.87、0.62;春季调查优势种为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、真刺唇角水蚤(Labibocera euchaeta)、太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)、球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachia globosa),秋季调查优势种为太平洋纺锤水蚤、小齿海樽(Doliolum denticulatum)、强壮箭虫、真刺唇角水蚤;聚类分析表明,调查海域浮游动物可划分为3个群落。本研究可为深入研究该海域浮游动物群落结构提供重要的基础数据。