地下煤层自燃区岩石磁性增强特征及机理研究——以内蒙古乌达和宁夏汝萁沟煤矿为例

采用室内加温实验和岩矿测试分析手段,对地下煤层自燃区采集的岩石标本,测定其在不同温度条件下岩石磁性、含铁氧化物含量及其结构的变化情况,分析其特征和变化规律,探讨温度变化引起岩石磁性变化的机理.实验研究表明,温度变化可引起岩石磁性变化,通常在加温过程中多数岩石样品在低于400℃时其磁性较弱且没有明显的变化,继续升温达到含铁氧化物居里点温度前磁性增加,高于居里点温度后磁性消失;再由居里点温度或以上降温过程中磁性显著增强,并在常温下获得较岩石加温前更强磁性,但磁性变化较大.磁性变化主要与岩石中的黄铁矿、赤铁矿、菱铁矿、褐铁矿等含铁氧化物含量及其结构变化有关,岩石样品加热至700℃再冷却到常温以后,其铁磁性矿物含量明显增加;矿物结构有所变化,加温前一般为不规则微粒状、短脉状,加温后多为规则微粒状,且颗粒大小比加温前略有减小,一般为10~150 μm,大多属于多畴(MD)结构,部分膺单畴(PSD)结构.磁性增强的主要原因是含有少量含铁矿物的岩石在温度升高时产生了新的铁磁性矿物(如磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿等).上述研究成果对解释煤层自燃区磁异常的成因具有重要意义.     

基于DEM的单沟泥石流危险性定量评价

DEM(Digial Elevaion Model)是地貌景观高程信息的数字表达,能够直观的反应地形地貌条件。泥石流形成和运动受其流域地貌条件的制约,流域系统信息是地貌发育状态的定量描述;故其值能够作为描述泥石流危险性的一种定量化指标。该研究在对甘肃南部地区白龙江流域的252条泥石流沟的基本参数统计分析基础上,选取其中45条泥石流单沟;通过DEM数据拟合其沟谷高程—面积抛物线方程,计算单沟泥石流流域面积—高程函数积分S;在缺乏流域其他环境因子参数的情况下,定量化描述泥石流危险性。     

Holocene climate–fire–vegetation interactions at a subalpine watershed in southeastern British Columbia,Canada

Vegetation assemblages and associated disturbance regimes are spatially heterogeneous in mountain ecosystems throughout the world due to the complex terrain and strong environmental gradients. Given this complexity, numerous sites describing postglacial vegetation and fire histories are needed to adequately understand forest development and ecosystem responses to varying climate and disturbance regimes. To gain insight into long-term historical climate–fire–vegetation interactions in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, sedimentological and paleoecological analyses were performed on a sediment core recovered from a small subalpine lake. The pollen assemblages, stomata, and macroremains indicate that from 9500 to 7500 cal yr BP, Pinus-dominated forests occurred within the catchment and Alnus was also present. Climate was an important control of fire and fire frequency was highest at this time, peaking at 8 fires 1000 yr^− 1, yet charcoal accumulation rates were low, indicative of low terrestrial biomass abundance. From 7500 to 4600 cal yr BP, Pinus decreased as Picea, Abies and Larix increased and fire frequencies decreased to 3–6 fires 1000 yr^− 1. Since 7500 cal yr BP the fire regime varied at a millennial scale, driven by forest biomass abundance and fuel accumulation changes. Local scale (bottom-up) controls of fire increased in relative importance since at least 6000 cal yr BP.     

三峡库区望霞危岩体变形破坏过程的综合监测与险情预报

三峡库区巫山县望霞危岩体于2010年及2011年两次发生大面积变形破坏,采用全站仪、裂缝位移、GPS等方法对危岩体进行了长期的变形监测,并通过地质基础的调查、监测方案的设计、监测数据的处理、宏观现象的分析,两次成功地对危岩体的垮塌变形实现了预警预报,避免了重大伤亡。研究结果显示,危岩体具有渐变和突变两种类型,在不同的变形阶段应采用相应的监测方法和监测频率,应以地质调查为基础,以监测危岩体关键部位为原则,监测数据的分析要密切结合宏观现象,从后缘、崖壁、崖底全面把握危岩体变形趋势。提出危岩体的监测应做到"详调查、细部署、观现象、握趋势、准预报"5原则,即"望霞经验"。"望霞经验"可以为危岩体的监测工作提供参考。     

强震后高烈度区泥石流危险性评价——以汶川地震区G213线映秀到彻底关段为例

强震在高烈度的山区往往诱发大量的崩塌和滑坡,一到雨季不同规模的泥石流频频暴发,造成严重的灾害.以处于汶川地震Ⅺ度烈度区的213国道映秀到彻底关段的21条沟为例,探讨强震后如何对高烈度区的沟道泥石流的规模、频率、危险性作出尽快评价.为此,针对地震泥石流的特点和形成条件,确定影响泥石流规模和频率的评价因子;并从已有的相关图件和遥感影像中获取评价因子的特征值;用简单的数学方法将因子特征值分为五级,并归一化为0.0到1.0的标准值;用层次分析法计算出评价因子的权重;然后用常用或改进的评价模型,对21条沟泥石流的规模、频率、危险性分五级作出评价;最后用强震后3 a间各沟实际发生的泥石流规模和频率对评价结果进行检验,结果表明两者吻合度比较好.这种尽快的评价方法,可供其他山区强震后高烈度区的泥石流危险性评价参考.     

Variations in fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and comparisons with MODIS data in burned black spruce forests of interior Alaska

Absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by vegetation was observed in two burned black spruce forests, one and seven years after wildfire, in interior Alaska along with several vegetation properties. This study considered PAR absorption by mosses by examining the relationship between PAR transmittance and fractional coverage of green vegetation. Our results suggest that mosses absorbed a considerable fraction of incoming PAR in the burned forests, which cannot be neglected in evaluating the fraction of absorbed PAR (FPAR). The relationships between FPAR and vegetation indices revealed that enhanced vegetation index (EVI) may be suitable for expressing the spatial and temporal variation of FPAR, regardless of stand age after wildfire. The comparison between the observed in situ FPAR and FPAR derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS FPAR) clearly showed that MODIS FPAR was highly overestimated. The most likely reason for the overestimation was identified as misclassification of land cover type. The current regional estimation of photosynthesis in boreal region based on the light-use efficiency approach and MODIS FPAR is probably overestimated, and an accurate distribution of FPAR is desired for clarifying the regional carbon exchange in boreal forests.     

A morphometric analysis of gullies scoured by post-fire progressively bulked debris flows in southwest Montana, USA

In the fall of 2001, an intense thunderstorm in southwest Montana triggered many debris flows in the burned area of Sleeping Child Creek. In most instances, the debris flows cut deep gullies into previously unchannelized colluvial hollows and deposited large volumes of sediment onto the valley floor. The presence of rill networks above the gullies as well as the absence of landslide features indicate that the gullies were scoured by progressively bulked debris flows, a process in which dilute surface runoff becomes increasingly more laden with sediment until it transforms into a debris flow. In this contribution, we present a morphometric analysis of six of the gullies to better understand this relatively understudied process. We find that the locations of the rill heads and gully heads conform to slope-area thresholds that are characteristic of erosion by overland flow. Our data also suggest that the volumes of the debris flows increase exponentially with normalized drainage area, thus lending support to an assumption used in a recently proposed debris flow incision law. Finally, the debris flow fans have been relatively unaltered since deposition, suggesting that the valley may be currently aggrading while the hillslopes are being denuded.     

雷电与火灾及防范措施

对雷电火灾的形成进行分析,并提出相应的防范措施。     

特长公路隧道独立排烟道结构高温安全性研究

特长公路隧道的火灾安全尤其是火灾通风排烟问题日益受到特别的关注。苍岭隧道是一座长度超过7 km的公路隧道,根据多方咨询意见,其通风排烟系统采用带独立排烟道的纵向通风模式。为了判断排烟道顶隔板结构在火灾高温下的安全性,以火灾动态模拟软件FDS的分析结果为温度边界条件,通过ANSYS对火灾下与常温下顶隔板的内力及变形进行了对比分析,探讨了顶隔板在火灾下的破坏规律,得出了火灾下顶隔板的临界破坏温度及其沿隧道的纵向破坏范围。