Demand vs supply-side approaches to mitigation: What final energy demand assumptions are made to meet 1.5 and 2 °C targets?

Today’s climate policies will shape the future trajectory of emissions. Consumption is the main driver behind recent increases in global greenhouse gas emissions, outpacing savings through improved technologies, and therefore its representation in the evidence base will impact on the success of policy interventions. The IPCC’s Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR1.5) summarises global evidence on pathways for meeting below-2 °C targets, underpinned by a suite of scenarios from integrated assessment models (IAMs). We explore how final energy demand is framed within these, with the aim to making demand-related assumptions more transparent, and evaluating their significance, feasibility, and use or underutilisation as a mitigation lever. We investigate how the integrated assessment models compensate for higher and lower levels of final energy demand across scenarios, and how this varies when mitigating for 2 °C and 1.5 °C temperature targets through an analysis of (1) final energy demand projections, (2) energy-economy relationships and (3) differences between energy system decarbonisation and carbon dioxide removal in the highest and lowest energy demand pathways. We look across the full suite of mitigation pathways and assess the consequences of achieving different global carbon budgets. We find that energy demand in 2100 in the highest energy demand scenarios is approximately three to four times higher than the lowest demand pathways, but we do not find strong evidence that 1.5 °C-consistent pathways cluster on the lower end of demand levels, particularly when they allow for overshoot. The majority of demand reductions happen pre-2040, which assumes absolute decoupling from economic growth in the near-term; thereafter final energy demand levels generally grow to 2100. Lower energy demand pathways moderately result in lower renewable energy supply and lower energy system investment, but do not necessarily reduce reliance on carbon dioxide removal. In this sense, there is more scope for IAMs to implement energy demand reduction as a longer-term mitigation lever and to reduce reliance on negative emissions technologies. We demonstrate the need for integrated assessments to play closer attention to how final energy demand interacts with, relates to, and can potentially offset supply-side characteristics, alongside a more diverse evidence base.     

关于加强军地测绘地理信息资源统筹的思考

在国家统筹经济建设和国防建设的大背景条件下,本文简要论述了我国军地测绘地理信息资源共享合作的基本情况,研究分析了制约军地测绘地理信息资源共享的原因,提出了分步推进军地测绘地理信息资源统筹发展的思路建议。     

NCEP/NCAR逐时分析与中国实测地表温度和地面气温对比分析

美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP) 和国家大气中心(NCAR) 的全球分析资料,不仅应用于气候模拟和预测研究中而且也可作为卫星遥感云检测的初始场资料.通过对2005年NCEP逐6小时全球最终分析资料(FNL)与中国753个台站实测资料的地表温度和地面1.5m高气温进行Cressman插值, 从时次变化和空间变化等方面系统地分析和比较了这一年间NCEP分析值与中国区域内观测值之间的差异, 得到结果: NCEP分析地表温度较观测值普遍偏低, 而地面气温NCEP分析值的空间分布大致表现为在北部地区大于观测值、而南部地区小于观测值;就2005年季节变化而言,NCEP分析值在夏季比冬季符合得好,而在我国东南部比东北、西北符合得好;从时次上看,地温和气温都呈现出随着时次推进(从2时到20时),正值区(NCEP分析值-实测值＞0)减弱、负值区(NCEP分析值-实测值＜0)加强的趋势;而通过标准化均方根误差的分析,可以知道气温的NCEP分析资料在我国可行性比地温要好.     

数字航摄相机(DMC)在测绘项目中应用的探讨

简述了数字航摄相机（DMC）的原理、功能，通过对数字航摄相机（DMC）进行的航摄的测绘项目的试验和检测，探讨数字航摄相机（DMC）在测绘项目中的应用。     

Subsistence practices in western Mediterranean Europe during the Final Gravettian. Zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis of faunal remains from level D of Arbreda Cave (Serinyà, NE Iberian Peninsula)

During the Final Gravettian, the Reclau Caves (northeast Iberia) were intensively occupied by hunter-gatherer communities. The study of residential level D (c. 25.4–19.7 kyr bp ) of Arbreda Cave offers a new view of subsistence strategies of communities which inhabited the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, a transition region between the steppe-tundra and the Iberian wooded steppe biomes, during Greenland Stadial 3. Presented here are the results of the zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis of ungulate and carnivore remains recovered from level D. The study confirms that the faunal assemblage of this level was mainly brought there by humans. The zooarchaeological analysis indicates selective hunting based on the exploitation of familial groups of horses and deer, while other ungulate taxa appear to be infrequent. Hunter-gatherers frequented the site throughout the year, but more intensive use in spring is indicated by subadult sensu lato horses. There was extensive exploitation of ungulate carcasses: various butchery activities, marrow extraction, the use of bone as fuel and ‘less elaborate tools’ are documented. Carnivore canines were exploited to produce ornaments. The great dominance of horses reveals cold conditions and the expansion of open environments related to the chronology span of Greenland Stadial 3.     

对国家标准GB12897－91部分条款的修改建议

对国家标准ＧＢ１２８９７－９１中的某些条款提出了修改意见，认为精密自动安平水准仪的补偿性能经常变化，需分期测定；Ｎｉ００２等某些仪器不需要作调焦运行误差测定的检验。并对用于一等水准测量的仪器的ｉ角限值等问题进行了讨论。     

南海石化地下管线工程的测量监理实践

测量监理工作是南海石化工程质量保障的重要环节。本文阐述了工程对测量监理的要求,讨论了南海石化地下管线工程各阶段测量监理的主要内容,最后总结了该工程测量监理的工作流程。     

测绘新技术与数字城市建设发展关系探讨——以临沂市为例

该文介绍了测绘技术近年来发展的现状与趋势,探讨了测绘新技术与数字城市建设之间的关系,并论述了测绘新技术在数字临沂建设中的重要作用和影响。指出测绘新技术为数字临沂建设的发展带来极其难得的机遇,但应清醒的认识到其在各方面尚存在的较大差距。     

非测绘类专业测量学教学改革探讨

在分析非测量专业教学中存在的问题的基础上,结合相应专业的培养目标及专业人才应有的素质特征,根据测量学课程的教学特点,从教学内容、教学方法、教学手段和教学实践等多方面探讨非测量专业的测量学教学模式,     

基于AutoCAD地下管线前端数据采集系统的开发

地下管线信息管理系统建成后,进行数据更新以保证各类管线的现势性和准确性是该项建设后续的棘手问题.地下管线竣工测馈是对地下管线信息管理系统数据更新的一个重要手段.结合<宁波市地下管线探测技术规程>,叙述地下管线竣工测量前端数据采集系统开发的原理和方法,保证竣丁更新管线的数据质量,提高工作效率.