节理岩体中地下洞室超挖预测

本文着重于岩体中洞室超挖-不稳定楔形体的预测。首先,论述洞室超挖的基本概念、主要原因及评价方法;其次分析和比较目前现有的针对洞室超挖的计算软件及其特征;然后介绍本文作者的计算软件;最后,简单介绍一个计算实例,即从野外地质调查着手,应用数理统计理论评价构成不稳定楔形体的主要地质参数及其模型,推导岩体中洞室超挖预测的一般公式;最后评价构成不稳定楔形体主要地质参数中的主要因素及次要因素,为节理岩体洞室防止超挖及其处理提供依据。     

波群的波向线散开因子方程

本文将既适用于平面笛卡尔直角坐标系又适用于球面坐标系的基本式同文献[16]中的波向线方程结合,导出波群的波向线散开因子方程。由此方程解出的散开因子是波群组成波的波要素的函数。据此因子连同浅水系数和摩擦系数就可求得波群的波动强度或波高沿波向线的变化。在一定条件下,所导得的方程便分别化为形同于相应坐标系中单频率波的。 所讨论的波群的折射是唯一地由水深变浅所致的。 根据线性势论,得到由波数、波向和频率都彼此稍异的两系正弦波迭加而成的简单波群,海洋中的波群虽较这复杂得多,但两者本质上是相同的。故所提方程可作为计算浅水域中波群的折射系数的模式。     

贵州省沿河县耕地土壤元素地球化学特征及其特色耕地利用建议

针对现有烟包上包机存在的占地面积过大,易发生掉包以及移动困难等问题,设计了一种基于可编程逻辑控制器（PLC)控制的新型烟包上包机。该设备采用提升链条为输送装置,可以对烟包进行垂直运输,从而减小占地面积;以托盘作为烟包输送的载体,可以使烟包在上包过程中放置平稳,减小掉包的可能性。利用SolidWorks软件完成整机机械结构的三维建模,采用PLC控制系统来控制烟包上包机的上包作业流程。与传统的烟包上包机相比,该新型烟包上包机具有占地面积小,上包作业过程运行平稳,操作简单轻便等优点,可适应多种工作场所。     

A new concept for estimating the influence of vegetation on throughfall kinetic energy using aerial laser scanning

Soil loss caused by erosion has enormous economic and social impacts. Splash effects of rainfall are an important driver of erosion processes; however, effects of vegetation on splash erosion are still not fully understood. Splash erosion processes under vegetation are investigated by means of throughfall kinetic energy (TKE). Previous studies on TKE utilized a heterogeneous set of plant and canopy parameters to assess vegetation's influence on erosion by rain splash but remained on individual plant- or plot-levels. In the present study we developed a method for the area-wide estimation of the influence of vegetation on TKE using remote sensing methods. In a literature review we identified key vegetation variables influencing splash erosion and developed a conceptual model to describe the interaction of vegetation and raindrops. Our model considers both amplifying and protecting effect of vegetation layers according to their height above the ground and aggregates them into a new indicator: the Vegetation Splash Factor (VSF). It is based on the proportional contribution of drips per layer, which can be calculated via the vegetation cover profile from airborne LiDAR datasets. In a case study, we calculated the VSF using a LiDAR dataset for La Campana National Park in central Chile. The studied catchment comprises a heterogeneous mosaic of vegetation layer combinations and types and is hence well suited to test the approach. We calculated a VSF map showing the relation between vegetation structure and its expected influence on TKE. Mean VSF was 1.42, indicating amplifying overall effect of vegetation on TKE that was present in 81% of the area. Values below 1 indicating a protective effect were calculated for 19% of the area. For future work, we recommend refining the weighting factor by calibration to local conditions using field-reference data and comparing the VSF with TKE field measurements. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

一种裂缝流体因子的提出及应用

为了解决各向异性下的流体识别问题,将纵波各向异性裂缝预测以及Russell的流体因子融合到直角坐标系中,提出了一种能够同时检测裂缝发育情况以及流体性质的新的裂缝流体因子(Factor of Fluid-filled Fracture,FFF),并通过一组岩性参数检验了裂缝流体因子在裂缝预测及流体识别中的有效性.在理论研究的基础上,选取松辽盆地某地区的火成岩裂缝及流体识别研究为应用实例.通过与测井流体及裂缝信息的对比验证,裂缝流体因子能够较为准确地预测研究区裂缝和流体的分布情况,且裂缝流体因子在单井上的计算结果与单井含气饱和度吻合度较高.此外,根据实际应用效果,指出裂缝流体因子在应用中的局限性:裂缝流体因子在平面成图时受地层厚度影响较大,且无法预测裂缝方向.     

云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震红石岩滑坡稳定性的数值模拟

2014年8月3日鲁甸MS6.5地震触发了大量的滑坡崩塌,其中,位于鲁甸县李家山村和巧家县红石岩村交界处的牛栏江干流北岸的红石岩滑坡规模巨大,与此处位于左岸的红石岩古滑坡体的前缘部分一起堵塞了牛栏江而形成高达120m、体积达1 200×104m3的大型堰塞体。通过震后开展的野外实地调查,获得了红石岩滑坡发生处的地形地貌、地质构造、岩体结构及物质组成等资料。以这些第一手资料为基础,构建了红石岩滑坡的边坡模型,并应用边坡稳定性分析软件Geo Studio中Slope/W模块分别计算了红石岩滑坡体震前坡体安全系数和地震作用下的坡体安全系数。结果表明,红石岩滑坡体发生处的坡体安全系数在地震前为1.450,处于相对稳定状态,而鲁甸地震的地震动作用则使坡体的安全系数降低至0.962,直接导致红石岩坡体的失稳。文中进一步讨论了坡体滑动面的存在与否对坡体稳定性的影响:安全系数计算的结果表明,在中强地震作用下,先存滑动面的存在是导致大型滑坡形成的重要条件;对于高陡岩质边坡,如果没有先存滑动面,只可能形成浅表性滑坡。     

Evaluation of geochemical behavior and heavy metal distribution of sediments：The case study of the Tirumalairajan river estuary,southeast coast of India

The purpose of this study was to assess the chemical partitioning of selected heavy metals(Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Co and Ni) in 10 surface sediments at Tirumalairajan River Estuary in the southeastern coast of India.A five-step sequential extraction technique was used to assess the environmental status of heavy metals.Most of metals were considered to be immobile due to the high availability in the residual fraction of heavy metals.The sediments of Tirumalairajan River estuary had not been polluted by heavy metals,and they didn’t pose any high ecological risk.The seasonal variations of heavy metals were slightly higher in summer than in monsoon season.Factor analysis was also carned out to understand the associations of metals in different fractions with sand,silt,clay,organic matter,pH,salinity and other metals.The relationship between the Q-mode and R-mode cluster analyses was useful for identifying the pollution levels in both seasons.It was proved that the enrichment of heavy metals was related with geogenic and anthropogenic sources.The information on total metal concentrations in sediments was not sufficient for assessing the metal behavior in the environment,but the sequential extraction technique was more effective in estimating the environmental impact of contaminated sediments.     

Study on changes in bed characteristics and friction factor in the presence of wash load in suspension

Results of an experimental study on the effects of different concentrations of wash load on the size of bed features and resistance to flow in a laboratory flume are presented. The experiments were carried out under different hydraulic conditions in a 30 m long, 0.204 m wide and 0.5 m deep tilting flume under clear water condition and in the presence of different concentration of wash load in the flow. The bed material used consisted of uniform sediment of size 0.96 mm. Analysis of the data indicates that the characteristics of the bed features change and friction factor increases in the presence of different concentration of wash load in the flow. The reasons for changes in the characteristics of the bed features and increase in friction factor in the presence of wash load are identified and a relationship for predicting friction factor in the presence of wash load has been established.     

顺层岩质边坡开挖模型试验及稳定性影响因素分析

用地质力学模型试验方法,对顺层岩质边坡进行开挖破坏试验。同时在有限元分析的基础上,采用多层结构模型对顺层岩质路堑边坡稳定性的影响因素进行了分析。指出当边坡走向与岩层走向夹角超过30后,边坡发生顺层滑动破坏的可能性很小,基本上可不视为顺层边坡。同时也阐明了岩层倾角以及结构面抗剪强度对顺层岩质边坡稳定性的影响。文中结论可为顺层岩质边坡的科研、设计和施工提供参考。     

勐兴铅锌矿区水文地质条件及水质有害性分析

矿区有独立的水文地质单元,地下水水质属较差一极差类,指出影响水质的有害因素,提出治理建议。