An Experimental Damage Model and Its Application to the Evaluation of the Excavation Damage Zone

Summary. An experimental damage model, which can simulate both post-peak and pre-peak damage characteristics of rock by assuming distinct elastic constants in each damage level, was proposed. Each damage level was identified by two successive threshold values of major principal stresses, which could be determined from uniaxial and triaxial compression tests and measurement of acoustic emissions. Elastic constants pertaining to each damage level were expressed in terms of confining pressure (minor principal stress) by regression equations of the experimental data. Post-peak behavior was simulated by selecting suitable values of the Hoek-Brown constants m _r and s _r for post-failure. The proposed experimental model was implemented into FLAC by writing a FISH function. The parametric studies on Hoek-Brown constants for post-peak behavior revealed that peak strength depends greatly more on s _r than m _r , and post-peak slopes of stress–strain curves depend mainly on m _r . Together with the elastic and elasto-plastic models, the nonlinear-brittle-plastic damage model derived from experiments was applied to the evaluation of an excavation damage zone around a highly-stressed circular tunnel for the purpose of checking the performance of the model. Of the three models, the nonlinear-brittle-plastic damage model gave the largest extent of disturbed zones and displacements around the tunnel. The damage zone predicted by the nonlinear-brittle-plastic model became larger as the magnitudes and the stress differences of in-situ stresses increased. Consequently, taking the damage model into account in the stability analysis of hard rock tunnels may be appropriate for conservative design of a highly stressed tunnel.     

开挖过程的非线性理论分析

本文从岩土介质力学非线性和变形破坏过程自组织非线性的角度对开挖过程岩土体非线性行为进行了探讨。以此为依据,分析了岩土从微观破坏、滑移面形成、直至整体变形破坏全过程的自组织发生机理,在此基础上,建立了伴随开挖过程岩土体变形破坏的非线性动力学描述方程。     

龙滩水电站航道座滑边坡平面有限元模拟研究

基于弹塑性有限元（FEM）模型和Mohr-Cou lomb屈服准则,采用平面有限元法对龙滩水电站航道1+0161+080开挖边坡座滑前的稳定状况进行了数值模拟研究。对座滑前边坡的应力场、位移场及塑性屈服区的模拟结果表明,边坡在座滑前存在明显的塑性区,处于临界稳定状态;开挖过程中边坡存在连续变形,特别是开挖下部时变形会突然增大;座滑前边坡塑性区支护体系已达到承载极限,边坡具备了座滑的条件。     

隧道施工由CRD改为CD工法衬砌结构内力及变位分析

在隧道施工中地质较差地段施工工法一般都会采用CRD工法,采用CRD工法进行施工虽然能比较安全的掘进,但其各部施工相互干扰很大,在工期要求很紧的情况下,CRD工法很难取得满意的进尺.在对前面围岩有了进一步的认识后,改变工法,对于施工进度要求是非常有利的,本文以一特定隧道的围岩参数及衬砌参数对CRD工法下和CD工法下的衬砌结构内力及变位进行了模拟分析,分析结果认为:在此特定隧道围岩条件下,将CRD工法改为CD工法,其结构内力和变形在结构的承载能力之内,以期能为施工提供参考.     

Reliability assessment of excavation systems considering both stability and serviceability performance

Excavation projects related to urban redevelopment and infrastructure improvement are often governed by serviceability-based design, rather than failure prevention criteria. Deformation tolerance specifications are often prescribed based on minimizing potential damage to adjacent structures. A risk-based approach to serviceability performance that systematically incorporates design parameter uncertainty will allow engineers to address soil uncertainty in performance-based design. This paper demonstrates the use of various kinds of reliability methods, such as response surface method (RSM), first-order reliability method (FORM), second-order reliability method (SORM), adaptive importance sampling (AIS), Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and system reliability, to assess the risk of stability and/or serviceability failure of an entire excavation support system throughout the entire construction process. By considering multiple failure modes (including serviceability criteria) of an excavation, the component and system reliability indices for each excavation step are assessed during the entire excavation process. Sensitivity analyses are conducted for the system reliability calculations, which demonstrate that the adjacent structure damage potential limit state function is the dominant factor for determining excavation system reliability. An example is presented to show how the serviceability performance for braced excavation problems can be assessed based on the system reliability index.     

某狭小场区超深基坑土方开挖技术

以某狭小场区超深基坑为例,详细的介绍了该项目的土方施工方案和各施工阶段相应的施工措施。探讨了利用常规运土车辆和挖掘机联合作业,通过多方面的施工措施完成了狭小场区基坑开挖的技术难题。通过妥善处理与支护施工交叉作业场地占用问题,分步分段进行开挖作业,优化布置场区内走向和坡度,合理安排好单步开挖深度及范围,采用分区块循环开挖的方法顺次推进,合理选择土方出运坡道的构筑材料,合理安排土方坡道改移作业时间,及时对坡道进行恢复,在最大限度的减少土方出运停歇时间的基础上,使场地内无坡道土方间歇期与支护施工各工序必要等待时间能够尽量协调一致。很好的保证了在狭小场地条件下按期完成既定土方施工计划,对今后同类项目的实施提供一定的帮助。     

Comparison of two inverse analysis techniques for learning deep excavation response

Performance observation is a necessary part of the design and construction process in geotechnical engineering. For deep urban excavations, empirical and numerical methods are used to predict potential deformations and their impacts on surrounding structures. Two inverse analysis approaches are described and compared for an excavation project in downtown Chicago. The first approach is a parameter optimization approach based on genetic algorithm (GA). GA is a stochastic global search technique for optimizing an objective function with linear or non-linear constraints. The second approach, self-learning simulations (SelfSim), is an inverse analysis technique that combines finite element method, continuously evolving material models, and field measurements. The optimization based on genetic algorithm approach identifies material properties of an existing soil model, and SelfSim approach extracts the underlying soil behavior unconstrained by a specific assumption on soil constitutive behavior. The two inverse analysis approaches capture well lateral wall deflections and maximum surface settlements. The GA optimization approach tends to overpredict surface settlements at some distance from the excavation as it is constrained by a specific form of the material constitutive model (i.e. hardening soil model); while the surface settlements computed using SelfSim approach match the observed ones due to its ability to learn small strain non-linearity of soil implied in the measured settlements.     

Probabilistic analysis of the inverse analysis of an excavation problem

This study presents the probabilistic analysis of the inverse analysis of an excavation problem. Two techniques are used during two successive stages. First, a genetic algorithm inverse analysis is conducted to identify soil parameters from in situ measurements (i.e. first stage of the construction project). For a given tolerable error between the measurement and the response of the numerical model the genetic algorithm is able to generate a statistical set of soil parameters, which may then serve as input data to a stochastic finite element method. The second analysis allows predicting a confidence interval for the final behaviour of the geotechnical structure (i.e. second stage of the project). The tools employed in this study have already been presented in previous papers, but the originality herein consists of coupling them. To illustrate this method, a synthetic excavation problem with a very simple geometry is used.     

南四湖的形成及水环境演变

采用重力活塞取样器在南四湖的独山湖和微山湖分别采取了两个湖底沉积剖面的样品。通过对湖底沉积物高分辨率的粒度、矿物、磁化率、有机碳、色素等环境指标和沉积年代学的综合研究 ,结合研究区的历史文献资料 ,探讨了南四湖形成近 2 5ka以来的水环境演变过程。研究表明 ,南四湖的形成和发展可分为 4个阶段 :初时 ,湖区为古泗水及其沿岸平原 ;西汉时期古泗水中下游段形成分散的湖沼地 ;唐—明代受黄河夺泗入淮和开挖京杭运河等人类活动的影响 ,湖沼扩张、合并 ;清同治 1 1年黄河大决于东明后 ,先后出现的南阳、昭阳、独山、微山四湖合并为统一的南四湖。