加油站系统防雷设计

依据相关的防雷规范和设计经验,并且举例说明加油站系统的综合防雷措施。     

从测绘仪器的发展谈控制测量学课程的改革

针对新型测绘仪器的发展与应用,在控制测量学的教学过程中从3个方面进行改革。测量平面控制网的建立方法中,重点介绍利用GPS定位技术建立的大地测量控制网,将全站仪、数字水准仪在实际工作中的具体开发应用作为重点,采用先进教学手段教学,加强实践环节,注重动手能力的培养。通过实际教学的反馈,取得良好的效果。     

Use of mixed bivariate distributions for deriving inter‐station correlation coefficients of rain rate

Even though rain rate is notorious for its spatial and temporal intermittency, its effect on the second‐order statistics of rain rate, especially the inter‐station correlation coefficients, has not been intensively evaluated before. This study has derived and compared the inter‐station correlation coefficient of rain rate for three cases of data: (1) only the positive measurements at both locations; (2) the positive measurements at either one or both locations; (3) all the measurements including zero measurement at both locations. For these three cases, the inter‐station correlation coefficients are analytically derived by applying the mixed bivariate log‐normal distribution. As an application example, the model parameters are estimated using the rain rate data collected at the Geum River basin, Korea, and the resulting inter‐station correlation coefficients are evaluated and compared with those estimated by applying the Gaussian distribution. We could find that highly biased inter‐station correlation coefficients are unavoidable when simply estimating them under the assumption of Gaussian distribution, or even when using the log‐transformed rain rate data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrological effects of climate change,groundwater withdrawal,and land use in a small Korean watershed

The effects of variability in climate and watershed (groundwater withdrawal and land use) on dry‐weather streamflows were investigated using SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). The equation to predict the total runoff (TR) using climate data was derived from simulation results for 30 years by multiple regression analysis. These may be used to estimate effects of various climate variations (precipitation during the dry period, precipitation during the previous wet period, solar radiation, and maximum temperature). For example, if daily average maximum temperature increases by 3 °C, TR during the dry period will decrease by 27·9%. Similarly, groundwater withdrawals strongly affect streamflow during the dry period. However, land use changes (increasing urbanization) within the forested watershed do not appear to significantly affect TR during the dry period. Finally, a combined equation was derived that describes the relationships between the TR during the dry period and the climate, groundwater withdrawal and urban area proportion in a small monsoon watershed. This equation will be effective to predict the water availability during the dry periods in the future since it is closely related to changes of temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, urban area ratio, and groundwater withdrawal quantity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种计算环境样品中石油类总量的红外标准曲线法

石油类是环境监测必测指标之一,主要以烃类形式存在,所以红外分光光度法是公认测定石油类总量最可靠的检测方法。红外分光光度法测定石油类总量目前有三波数的校正系数法和非色散的单波数标准曲线法。校正系数法计算步骤多、工作量大;单波数标准曲线法虽然简单,但是文献中有的未明确使用哪个波数进行计算,有的由于计算结果偏差较大而被限制适用范围或被直接舍弃。本文针对标准曲线法计算石油类总量的方法开展研究,通过三个波数处吸光度建立了5种标准曲线法,并对原油、高温润滑油、机油、0#柴油和92#汽油五种配制油品进行计算结果比对,确定了三波数吸光度之和标准曲线法是5种标准曲线法中的最佳方法。用芳香烃占比试验考察了油品适用范围,并进行了样品加标实验和实际样品实验验证其实用性,结果表明在芳香烃占比小于50%时。该方法精密度为5.9%~8.0%,加标回收率为76.4%~98.2%,满足环境标准要求。该方法拓展了标准曲线法的适用范围、简单易懂、操作性强,是现行校正系数法的有益补充。     

整体最小二乘估计的研究进展

测绘领域诸多实际应用中系数矩阵和观测向量具有结构特征,即系数矩阵和观测向量中包含固定量(甚至固定列) 和随机量,并且不同位置的随机量线性相关。针对这个问题,从变量误差(errors‐in‐variables,EIV)函数模型出发,首先,将系数矩阵和观测向量构成的增广矩阵表示为仿射函数形式,并采用变量投影法对函数模型进行重构;然后,利用拉格朗日法推导出了一种结构总体最小二乘(structured total least squares,STLS) 估计算法。算例分析结果表明,该算法与已有能够解决系数矩阵和观测向量存在结构特征的加权或结构总体最小二乘算法估计结果一致,说明了该算法的有效性,同时阐明了该算法与已有相关算法的关系。     

Soil and plant responses to degradation of alpine grassland in source region of the Yellow River

Land degradation has been rapidly taking place in source region of the Yellow River in China. This study was conducted during 2008 in Maduo County to investigate soil and plant changes in relation to land degradation. Several results were derived from this work. First, the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) decreased significantly on the extremely degraded land comparing with the natural grassland. Second, soil bulk density increased as land degradation worsened. Soil bulk density of the extremely degraded land was significantly greater than that of the grassland. Third, pH showed no obvious variation pattern. Finally, aboveground biomass decreased from grassland to the moderately degraded land. But aboveground biomass increased on the extremely degraded land and very extremely degraded land with most aboveground biomass inedible for livestock.     

山区自动气象站选址分析

针对云南腾冲机场、泸沽湖机场周边增设的6个自动气象站,从地理环境、选址规范性、水汽输送路径、流场特征、网络通讯条件几个方面对自动站选址的合理性及科学性进行分析评价,并用天气形势个例分析了天气气候条件,分析表明,6个自动气象站的选址能够较好的反映当地地理环境特征,充分考虑水汽输送方向和主要天气系统的路径,可以较好的反映降水的垂直变化,对分析研究机场雾的生消规律也提供了针对性资料。     

电子地图的空间认知研究

电子地图的空间认知研究是地图空间认知理论的重要研究内容。本文首先介绍了电子地图的概念与特点,分析了电子地图空间认知研究的必要性。在此基础上,探讨了电子地图空间认知研究的特点及主要内容。认为电子地图的空间认知研究具有内容更广泛、形式更复杂、实验难度更大等特点,电子地图空间认知的核心内容是从不同的电子地图上建立心象地图的过程及不同空间认知能力的用户在使用电子地图时的思维过程、认知策略的研究。     

NIM-Ⅱ型可移激光绝对重力仪

中国第二代可移激光绝对重力仪（NIM-Ⅱ型）的实验装置于1985年研制成功。本文详细论述了仪器的多位置法原理及仪器结构;具体分析说明了仪器的光学系统,电子精密测时系统,数据处理系统;研究了一种处理地面微震干扰的新方法。参加1985年在法国巴黎举行的第二次国际绝对重力仪比对结果表明,该装置的测量结果不确定度为1.4x10-7m/s2。国际比对后,仪器又做了进一步改进。经国内大面积测量应用的结果表明,该装置的不确定度可达1×10-7m/s2。