杂色鲍裂壳病球状病毒的初步观察

1999年以来 ,广东汕尾地区养殖杂色鲍Haliotisdiversicolor出现了“裂壳病” ,经电镜观察 ,发现感染了一种球状病毒 ,大小为 1 5 0— 2 2 0nm ,皆存在于细胞的细胞质中 ,细胞核内没有发现病毒。主要侵染鲍的腹足、外套膜、性腺、肝、鳃等部位。病鲍表现为头端壳缘外翻 ,呼吸孔融合成一条线 ,活力减弱 ,身体消瘦 ,逐渐死亡。     

老爷海潟湖内底层缺氧规模对南海季风气候节律的响应

在海南岛形成春旱时,老爷海潟湖内常常发生网箱养殖鱼类因缺氧(DO2mg/L或者30%)而迅速(1—2天内)大规模死亡的事件;然而,其中的缺氧成因至今仍未见相关研究报道。本文在2008—2011年对老爷海执行了7个航次的生物地球化学调查。在形成充沛春雨的2009年春季季风转换期所执行航次(气象条件表现为风速高和多雨)中,很难观察到底层缺氧现象;与此相对应,潟湖水体的垂直稳定度差,浮游植物群落以微微型(2μm)和微型(2—10μm)藻类占优势。在形成显著春旱的2010年春季季风转换期所执行航次(气象条件表现为微风和少雨)中有大规模底层缺氧形成,缺氧水体从内湾深坑水柱(水深约6m)底层一直蔓延到外湾浅水养殖区;与此相对应,内湾深坑水柱明显层化并形成高盐度生境,浮游植物群落以海洋角管藻(硅藻)占优势,而病毒丰度则达到所有7个航次调查中的最高值。在2008、2009和2011年西南季风盛行期所执行航次(气象条件表现为高温、微风和多雨)中都有小规模底层缺氧形成,且仅局限在内湾深坑底层水中;与此相对应,深坑水柱强烈层化并形成低盐度生境,浮游植物群落以微微型和微型藻类占优势。以上调查结果说明,老爷海潟湖内的底层缺氧规模对上界面的南海季风气候节律有着明显响应;其中,春旱气象条件在潟湖内湾所营造的水柱层化(阻碍复氧)和高盐度生境(有利于硅藻成为浮游植物群落优势种)相耦合,则可促成从潟湖内湾深坑底层一直蔓延到外湾网箱养殖区的大规模底层缺氧现象。     

一种新的海洋微藻病毒丝氨酸蛋白酶基因的克隆表达及其活性分析

从海洋球石藻Emiliania huxleyi病毒EhV99B1的基因组中克隆了丝氨酸蛋白酶(Sp)基因(GenBank登录号:KC161207),对该基因的开放阅读框(ORF)进行系统的生物信息学分析,并在大肠杆菌中融合表达,通过亲和层析法获得了纯化的重组Sp。结果表明:EhV99B1-Sp基因的ORF为1 110bp,编码368个氨基酸,蛋白相对分子质量为39.5kDa;该基因片段与GenBank中EhV86-Sp的同源性很高,核苷酸及其对应的氨基酸序列同源性分别为95%和97%,而与其他物种Sp序列的同源性仅为28%~32%,说明其可能是丝氨酸蛋白酶家族中的一个新成员;预测的二级结构特征显示EhV99B1-Sp的蛋白结构域中具有典型的LTAGHC(组氨酸活性位点区域)和AICNGDSGGPLF(丝氨酸活性位点区域)两个丝氨酸蛋白酶催化活性位点的氨基酸基序,是一个两次跨膜蛋白;将该基因在大肠杆菌中进行低温诱导表达,得到分子量为60kDa的重组蛋白,经鲤鱼肌肉丝氨酸蛋白酶(MBSP)抗体检测证实为Sp,且重组蛋白在大肠杆菌细胞中具有明显的生物学活性。本研究结果为进一步探讨EhV99B1-Sp在病毒与宿主相互作用过程中的调节作用及其功能与应用奠定基础。     

Inhibition of fish nodavirus by gymnemagenol extracted from Gymnema sylvestre

Viral nervous necrosis(VNN)has emerged to become a major problem in the culture of larval and juvenile marine fish worldwide.Bioactive phytochemicals isolated from commonly available medicinal plants are often screened for their efficacy in controlling fish viral diseases.Occurrence of newer viral strains and resistance to existing antiviral drugs are problems currently as-sociated with treatment of VNN,which necessitates looking for alternate sources for effective antiviral drugs.The aim of the present study was to screen antiviral potential of gymnemagenol(C30H50O4)previously extracted from leaves of Gymnema sylvestre.The fish nodavirus,grouper nervous necrosis virus(GNNV)in infected Sahul Indian Grouper Eye(SIGE)cell lines were used to study the antiviral activity of gymnemagenol under in vitro conditions.The susceptibility of the virus to gymnemagenol was confirmed by measuring the viral titre(TCID50 mL?1)in virus-infected SIGE cells every 24 h.Gymnemagenol at 20 μg mL?1 inhibited the prolifera-tion of GNNV to 53% at the end of the 6th d by inhibiting the proliferation of GNNV-infected SIGE cells.The viable SIGE cells were reduced to 47% as determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.The viral titre(TCID50 mL?1)was also reduced to log 2.8 at the end of the 7th d in gymnemagenol-treated SIGE cells after inoculated with GNNV when compared to untreated control SIGE cell viral titre(log 4.1).Based on our results it can be concluded that gymnemagenol could be used as an antiviral agent against GNNV infection.     

用自然思维解析病毒及其与海洋的关系

新型冠状病毒(Coronavirus)肆虐,造成全球恐慌,迄今已有上千万人感染、数十万人失去了生命。一场突如其来的疫情,几乎成为全球范围内划时代的重大事件,甚至会改写人类发展的历史,这充分说明人类对病毒的认识还很肤浅,还缺少应对病毒的科学储备和有效举措。病毒源于海洋、存于自然,几乎是无处不在、无时不在。病毒一方面对人类健康造成巨大威胁,另一方面又是自然界、甚至人体内不可或缺的特殊微生态系统。病毒是生命起源的界限、是基因传递的使者、是生态环境的桥梁、是细菌的天然杀手。人类抗击病毒首先是彻底"防控",其次是有效"疫苗",最终靠提高免疫力。而海洋盐卤可能是从"元素平衡"的机理出发、从根本上提升人体免疫功能的关键。     

Spatiotemporal environmental triggers of Ebola and Marburg virus transmission

Despite their fame, Ebola and Marburg viruses (family Filoviridae) remain mysterious. Filovirus outbreaks are restricted to tropical Africa, but their likely geographic extent has been outlined only recently, and their natural reservoir host(s) remains unidentified. If environmental conditions associated with outbreaks in space and time can be identified precisely, much could be learned about the ecology, evolution and transmission of these viruses. We examined five filovirus outbreaks for which time series of remotely sensed data (NDVI values) are available and for which the reservoir-to-human index case transmission timing and location are known. A wavelet analysis was used to detect anomalous behaviour in the NDVI signal across multiple time scales for each outbreak. Scale-wise anomalies were manifested at a 20-day scale, and were found in four of the five sites, one to three weeks preceding outbreaks, suggesting that filovirus-caused disease outbreaks may be associated with either behavioural shifts in a vertebrate host or changes in viral population dynamics. More generally, wavelet analysis offers a powerful tool for identifying temporal correlates of disease transmission events.     

海洋浮游植物病毒的研究进展

海洋浮游植物病毒在海洋生态系统中,特别是在赤潮的消亡过程中起了很重要的作用。介绍了海洋浮游植物病毒的种类、多样性和丰度分布及其在海洋生态系统中的主要作用和研究现状。重点介绍和比较了海洋浮游植物病毒多样性、丰度的DNA聚合酶链扩增法(PCR)、透射电镜法、荧光显微镜法和流式细胞仪法等研究方法及其发展状况,以期为今后的研究奠定基础。     

对虾细胞培养的研究现状、存在问题及建立细胞系策略

近年来,对虾病毒病的爆发,使我国养殖对虾的年产量大幅度下降,造成了巨大的经济损失。就对虾细胞培养研究现状、应用前景和存在的关键问题等进行了综述和讨论。     

一种带节点移动的手机蓝牙病毒传播模型

研究了手机节点的空间特性和移动特性,提出了一种新的手机蓝牙病毒传播模型。结合人类运动的行为模式,给出了移动环境下手机节点平均度的计算方法。结合渗流理论分析了蓝牙病毒大规模爆发的可能性,讨论了节点分布密度、蓝牙连接概率等参数对手机蓝牙病毒传播的影响。仿真结果表明,该模型较好地模拟了手机蓝牙病毒的传播过程,符合手机蓝牙病毒的传播规律。