''''93中国对虾流行性肝胰腺坏死综合症研究 Ⅰ.病毒和类支原体合并感染对虾肝胰腺

本文首次报道今年浙江省对虾大范围流行性肝胰腺坏死综合症及患病对虾肝胰腺组织中类支原体与病毒的合并感染。     

辽东湾沿岸海水及贝类中甲肝病毒分布的研究

用RT-PCR方法检测辽东湾几个重点沿岸海域表层海水和几种经济贝类样品中甲肝病毒的分布。结果表明,6个重点沿岸海域表层海水中均检出甲肝病毒(Hepatitis A virus,HAV),6种经济贝类样品中有4个样品检出甲肝病毒。检测结果显示,辽东湾某些重点沿岸海域受陆源生活污水影响严重,有关部门应加强海洋环境和海产贝类卫生安全监测和管理,以避免引发甲型肝炎暴发流行。     

应用单克隆抗体检测牙鲆血清中抗淋巴囊肿病毒

应用杂交瘤单克隆抗体技术制备10株分泌抗牙鲆免疫球蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。利用单抗2H4，通过间接酶联免疫法（ELISA）对牙鲆血清中抗淋巴囊肿病毒（LCDV）特异性抗体进行了检测。结果表明：无外观症状的牙鲆血清中特异性抗体水平很低（平均OD值为0．092），个别鱼体偏高，证明已感染LCDV，处于潜伏期；患淋巴囊肿病且症状显现的牙鲆血清中特异性抗体水平升高（平均OD值为0．165），患淋巴囊肿病后处于恢复期的牙鲆抗体水平最高（平均OD值为0．231）；健康牙鲆接种LCDV灭活疫苗后，特异性抗体水平显著升高。．     

Microscale gradients of planktonic microbial communities above the sediment surface in a mangrove estuary

The microscale (1 and 4 cm sampling resolution) distributions of chemical (O₂, NH₃, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, PO₄³⁻) and biological (Chl a, phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, viruses) parameters were measured in the 16 cm of water immediately overlaying the sediment-water interface (SWI) within a temperate mangrove estuary in South Australia during December 2003 and March 2004. Shear velocities (u_*) during the time of sampling were very low (<0.1 cm s⁻¹), and we consequently predict that resuspension of organisms and materials was negligible. In December 2003, profiles were often characterised by strong gradients in nutrients and organisms, with the highest concentrations often observed within 0.5 cm of the SWI. Microscale patterns in O₂, NH₃, NO₃⁻ and NO₂⁻ indicated that a variety of anaerobic and aerobic transformation processes probably occurred at the SWI and within profiles. Strong gradients in PO₄³⁻ were indicative of nutrient flux across the SWI as a consequence of degradation processes in the sediments. Pico- and nanophytoplankton concentrations were strongly correlated (p < 0.01) to PO₄³⁻, and exhibited 12- and 68-fold changes in abundance, respectively, with highest concentrations observed nearest to the SWI. Several bacterial subpopulations were discriminated using flow cytometry and significant shifts in the ‘cytometric structure’ of the bacterial community were observed within microscale profiles. Two populations of viruses were correlated to the phytoplankton and low DNA (LDNA) bacteria, and each exhibited elevated concentrations within 0.5 cm of the SWI. In March 2004, microscale distributions of O₂ and nutrients were more homogenous than in December 2003, and dissimilar microbial community structure and patterns were observed above the SWI. The patterns observed here support the prediction that benthic processes can strongly influence the ecology of planktonic communities in the overlaying water, and provide further evidence for the existence of microscale variability amongst communities of aquatic microorganisms.     

浅谈计算机病毒的预防工作

本文针对目前气象业务工作中常常会遇到计算机被病毒感染的情况，提出了一些预防病毒感染的方法，以减少计算机病毒对业务工作的不利影响。     

Satellites and the New War on Infection: Tracking Ebola in West Africa

Satellite technologies are increasingly being deployed to manage infectious disease outbreaks. Although there is a substantive literature concerned with the geopolitics of space and the ethical issues raised by the use of remote sensing in warfare and counterinsurgency, little study has been made of the critical role played by satellites in public health crises. In this paper, we focus on the 2014–2015 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in West Africa, which saw the widespread use of public and commercial satellite-derived data, to investigate how overhead orbital and close-up viewpoints enabled by satellites are shaping attitudes to disease and determining responses to infectious threats. We argue that high-resolution satellite imagery is acting as a spur to a new spatio-temporal targeting of disease that parallels the ever more vertical dimension of contemporary warfare. At the same time, this new visualization of disease is promoting a broader ecological perspective on pathogen emergence. How can these divergent perspectives be reconciled? In addressing this question, we analyze the different uses to which satellite imagery has been put in tracking and mapping Ebola ‘hotspots’ across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. We also consider the institutional contexts that have enabled the acquisition of this imagery. Given the rapid integration of space technologies in epidemiology and health logistics, there is now a need to examine how and with what consequences remote-sensing and communication technologies may be reconfiguring the practices and scope of global health.     

核酸探针原位杂交检测白斑综合症病毒的组织特异性

从白斑综合症病毒 (whitespotsyndromevirus ,简称WSSV)部分基因组文库中得到核酸探针 ,采用原位杂交检测方法检测对虾甲壳下表皮、胃、后肠、鳃、触角腺的上皮细胞、淋巴器官的基质细胞、肌细胞、心肌细胞及结缔组织细胞 ,原位杂交结果均为阳性。对虾甲壳下表皮的上皮细胞、胃的上皮细胞对病毒较其它部位敏感 ,感染程度高 ;中肠上皮细胞、肝胰腺上皮细胞、淋巴器官内皮细胞未发现感染病毒 ,原位杂交用于WSSV检测 ,比组织切片HE染色更准确、更敏感。在同一组织的同一部位 ,原位杂交所得到的阳性细胞个数比HE多。探针大小不同 ,敏感性也有变化。短的探针 41 3bp敏感性较高 ,长的探针敏感性降低。     

白斑综合症病毒极早期蛋白WSV403相互作用蛋白的筛选

WSV403是白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)的一个极早期基因,它编码一种E3泛素连接酶。在293T细胞中,利用串联亲和纯化和蛋白质谱技术筛选WSV403的相互作用蛋白,获得了15个可能与WSV403结合的蛋白。在此基础上对5个候选基因进行了克隆,并分别将它们与WSV403基因共表达。通过免疫共沉淀和免疫荧光分析证实了WSSV极早期蛋白WSV403能够与核转运蛋白(KPNA6)、丝/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶2A 65 kDa调节亚基A(PPP2RIA)和striatin(STRN)发生相互作用。该研究结果为进一步揭示WSV403的作用机制奠定了基础。     

鱼类神经坏死病毒对军曹鱼仔鱼的致病性

为了确定鱼类神经坏死病毒对军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)仔鱼的致病性,本研究通过肌肉注射、浸泡和共浴3种途径分别感染军曹鱼仔鱼,观察了由其导致的发病死亡情况和病理学变化。结果表明,3种感染途径都能造成军曹鱼仔鱼出现厌食、体色发黑和螺旋游泳等典型的病毒性神经坏死症症状,累计死亡率分别达到78%、44%和34%。肌肉注射18h后,利用RT-PCR方法在鱼的脑、眼、脊髓中均可检测到该病毒。患病鱼的脑、视网膜、脊髓等组织发生空泡化,与其他鱼类感染该病毒发生的变化一致。因此,军曹鱼仔鱼是鱼类诺达病毒的易感种群之一,病毒能通过水平传播感染军曹鱼仔鱼。     

海洋球石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)病毒硫氧还蛋白(TRX)基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

首次从海洋球石藻病毒(Emiliania huxleyi virus-EhV99B1)中克隆了硫氧还蛋白(Trx)基因(该序列已提交GenBank,登录号:GU109280)。系统进化关系分析表明:EhV99B1-Trx与GenBank中已报道的EhV86-Trx(NC_007346)有很高的同源性,核酸及其推导的氨基酸序列的同源性分别为98%和100%,而与其它物种的Trx序列同源性仅为9.8%-18.8%。采用生物信息学方法和工具分析了EhV99B1-Trx的生化参数,预测了该蛋白的高级结构。结果表明:(1)EhV99B1-Trx基因的开放阅读框全长591bp,编码196个氨基酸,蛋白的相对分子量为22.1kDa,理论等电点为5.27;(2)EhV-99B1-Trx N端蛋白结构域具有保守的Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys(CGPC)硫氧还蛋白氧化还原活性位点氨基酸基序;(3)对该蛋白二、三级结构分析预测结果进一步证实EhV99B1-Trx基因编码的为一种新型的硫氧还蛋白家族成员。