冰雪地球的研究进展综述

在大约6~7亿年前的新元古代时期，地球是否曾经被冰雪完全覆盖而成为了一个“冰雪地球”？如果是，什么诱发了这种全球性的冰川期？又是什么导致了它的融化？新元古代时期的极端气候变化对其后的寒武纪生命大爆发有何影响？围绕这些问题，古地质、古生物和古气候学界在最近几年展开了广泛的研究和激烈争论。根据现有的研究结果，地球在新元古代时期确实经历了数次地球历史上最为严重的全球性冰川期，但地球是否被完全冰封还需要更充分的古地质和古生物方面的证据来证明；利用气候模式对各种可能的外部强迫的模拟试验表明“冰雪地球”是很难形成的，并且，如果地球进入完全被冰封的状态，它将是难以被融化的；关于新元古代时期剧烈的气候变化对寒武纪生命大爆发所起的作用存在2种观点，一种认为气候变化导致了原始生命的基因突变并诱发了寒武纪生命爆发，另一种认为这种影响主要是生态方面的。     

应用人卫激光测距技术测定潮汐形变勒夫数

本文讨论了利用人卫激光测距（ＳＬＲ）资料确定分潮波形式的地球固体潮汐形变勒夫数的可能性,并用１１年的Ｌａｇｅｏｓ－１的人卫激光测跨资料直接解算了四个周日波Ｑ、,Ｏ１,Ｐ１,Ｋ１和四个半日波Ｓ２,Ｋ２,Ｎ２,Ｍ２的弹性和粘弹性地球状态下的地球潮汐形变勒夫数ｈ２ｓ,ｌ２ｓ,结果与ＶＬＢＩ结果相符,与ＩＥＲＳ及Ｗａｈｒ的模型值的潮汐响应趋势相符,这证明了利用ＳＬＲ技术确定潮汐形变勒失数是可行的,从而为传统技术和空间技术提供了一种新的有意义的方法和选择。     

数字地球与3维地理信息系统研究

美国副总统戈尔关于“数字地球”的演讲引起许多国家政界、学术界的关注。基于“数字地球”的概念,在全球信息数字化过程中,３维地理信息系统起着重要作用。由于空间对象和３维ＧＩＳ的复杂性,在处理各种空间现象时,如地质现象的表示和矿山应用,宜根据实际应用的需要,采用不同的数据结构和可视化方式,包括２维、２．５维、３维的以及它们的结合,以取得良好效果和效益。     

基于小波包分解的地层吸收补偿

在分析地震反射波勘探信号小波包分解特性的基础上,提出了基于小波包分解的地层吸收补偿方法．如果没有地层吸收,浅层反射波和深层反射波具有相同的振幅谱而相位谱相差一线性相位．如果把地震记录分成不同的频段,不同频段对于时间的能量分布关系具有相似性,即对所有频段的深层反射的能量与同一频段浅层反射能量之比应该相同;只是不同频段的绝对能量大小不一样．由于地层的吸收造成各频段能量对时间的分布不同,如果给这些频段乘以时变权使各频段能量对时间的分布相同,就起到了对地层吸收的补偿作用．该方法首先用小波包对地震勘探信号进行分频,然后根据地层吸收的特点,在每一个频段上分别提取每一个时间点的吸收系数并用其倒数加权每一个小波包系数,再用加权后的小波包系数重构地震反射波记录消除地层吸收．该方法适合Ｑ值未知的情况,对变Ｑ和常Ｑ都能适应．从实际应用效果看,该方法能很好的补偿地层的吸收。     

气候变化的天文理论

地球气候变化在１０～１００ｋａ（千年）的时间尺度上表现出规则的周期性,它们主要受轨道日射变化控制,并能被很精确地计算到几百万年。根据Ｍｉｌａｎｋｏｖｉｔｃｈ创立的天文理论,轨道变化是通过改变日射的季节分布和纬度分布来影响气候的。黄赤夹角４１ｋａ的周期改变日射的纬度分布,而气候岁差以１９ｋａ和２３ｋａ的两个周期改变日射的季节分布。作为对轨道日射变化的响应,全球气候在１０～１００ｋａ的时间尺度上按照气     

Sea-level changes, geoid and gravity anomalies due to Pleistocene deglaciation by means of multilayered, analytical Earth models

A new class of analytical, multilayered, viscoelastic Earth models based on PREM, with an incompressible, linear, viscoelastic Maxwell rheology, is applied to the modeling of global sea-level changes due to Pleistocene deglaciation. Until now, analytical schemes based on normal mode theory, have dealt with at most five layers, an elastic lithosphere, a three layered mantle including a transition zone, and a core (Spada et al., 1992. Geophys. J. Int. 109, 683–700). The novelty of our approach, used for the first time in sea-level studies, stands on an analytical scheme that can reproduce continuous elastic and rheological stratification when a sufficient number of layers is taken into account. We specifically assess the importance of our results for the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite mission. GOCE will resolve the gravity field with a spatial resolution (half-wavelength) of 75 km and amplitude of 1.5 mgal, with a uniform coverage over the Earth, including presently unsurveyed, remote areas. Our models lead to post-glacial rebound induced free air gravity anomalies of a few mgals peak-to-peak in the harmonic degree range l=80–200, which will be discernible by GOCE. This finding demonstrates that post-glacial rebound has a high frequency component in the gravity field that can in principle be resolved by high resolution gravity satellite missions. We show that post-glacial rebound can contribute a substantial fraction to present-day sea-level variations and point out that for the Mediterranean Sea they are of the same order of magnitude as those induced by tectonic processes.     

P507萃淋树脂吸附稀土的性能研究和应用

采用静动态两种方法较系统地研究了Ｐ５０７萃淋权脂吸附稀土的性能,并选择了分离稀土总量的最佳条件。用于标准矿样中稀土总量的测定,分析结果与标准值相近。     

Analysis of the first year of Earth rotation parameters with a sub-daily resolution gained at the CODE processing center of the IGS

 The solutions of the CODE Analysis Center submitted to the IGS, the International Global Position System (GPS) Service for Geodynamics, are based on three days of observation of about 80–100 stations of the IGS network. The Earth rotation parameters (ERPs) are assumed to vary linearly over the three days with respect to an a priori model. Continuity at the day boundaries as well as the continuity of the first derivatives are enforced by constraints. Since early April 1995 CODE has calculated a new ERP series with an increased time resolution of 2 hours. Again continuity is enforced at the 2-hours-interval boundaries. The analysis method is described, particularly how to deal with retrograde diurnal terms in the ERP series which may not be estimated with satellite geodetic methods. The results obtained from the first year of data covered by the time series (time interval from 4 April 1995 to 30 June 1996) are also discussed. The series is relatively homogeneous in the sense of the used orbit model and the a priori model for the ERPs. The largest source of excitation at daily and sub-daily periods is likely to be the effect of the ocean tides. There is good agreement between the present results and Topex/Poseidon ocean tide models, as well as with models based on Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data. Non-oceanic periodic variations are also observed in the series. Their origin is most probably a consequence of the GPS solution strategy; other possible sources are the atmospheric tides. Received: 13 July 1999 / Accepted: 21 March 2000     

Combinations of Earth-orientation measurements: SPACE97, COMB97, and POLE97

Independent Earth-orientation measurements taken by the space-geodetic techniques of lunar and satellite laser ranging, very-long-baseline interferometry, and the global positioning system have been combined using a Kalman filter. The resulting combined Earth-orientation series, SPACE97, consists of values and uncertainties for universal time, polar motion, and their rates spanning the period 28 September 1976 to 3 January 1998 at daily intervals. The space-geodetic measurements used to generate SPACE97 have then been combined with optical astrometric measurements to form two additional combined Earth-orientation series: (1) COMB97, consisting of values and uncertainties for universal time, polar motion, and their rates spanning the period 20 January 1962 to 1 January 1998 at 5-day intervals, and (2) POLE97, consisting of values and uncertainties for polar motion and its rate spanning the period 20 January 1900 to 21 December 1997 at monthly intervals. Received: 10 August 1998 / Accepted: 31 May 1999