芦山地震前康定地温变化现象

近年来,中国大陆强震主要发生在巴颜喀拉地块周边,该地块成为近期中国大陆强震主体地区.在一些关键构造部位,开展地壳活动信息监测具有重要的实际意义.作者所在研究组专门研发了适于野外观测的无线地温遥测设备,在鲜水河断裂带建立了无线地温遥测台网.在2013年4月20日的芦山地震前后,观测到了一些值得关注的现象:从2013年1月31日开始,康定地温出现持续变化,并与台站周围小震活动存在良好的对应关系.根据温度与力之间的关系,基岩温度突变的内在本质是应力调整.从构造角度看,龙门山断裂带和鲜水河断裂带同属于巴颜喀拉地块的不同边界,康定测点与芦山地震之间存在关联性,上述温度变化可能与芦山地震有关.     

Dynamic model of mesoscale eddies. Eddy parameterization for coarse resolution ocean circulation models

In the framework of the eddy dynamic model developed in two previous papers (Dubovikov, M.S., Dynamical model of mesoscale eddies, Geophys. Astophys. Fluid Dyn., 2003, 97, 311–358; Canuto, V.M. and Dubovikov, M.S., Modeling mesoscale eddies, Ocean Modelling, 2004, 8, 1–30 referred as I–II), we compute the contribution of unresolved mesoscale eddies to the large-scale dynamic equations of the ocean. In isopycnal coordinates, in addition to the bolus velocity discussed in I–II, the mesoscale contribution to the large scale momentum equation is derived. Its form is quite different from the traditional down-gradient parameterization. The model solutions in isopycnal coordinates are transformed to level coordinates to parameterize the eddy contributions to the corresponding large scale density and momentum equations. In the former, the contributions due to the eddy induced velocity and to the residual density flux across mean isopycnals (so called Σ-term) are derived, both contributions being shown to be of the same order. As for the large scale momentum equation, as well as in isopycnal coordinates, the eddy contribution has a form which is quite different from the down-gradient expression.     

岷县漳县6.6级地震前区域地壳运动变形背景与断层形变异常特征

利用甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震区所在的青藏块体东北缘地区的区域水准、GPS、流动重力和跨断层短测线等地形变监测资料,结合地质构造、动力环境和已往的研究结果,分析了不同类型资料反映的震前区域性地壳变形背景、断层形变异常特征和可能的机理.结果认为：（1）岷县漳县6.6级地震前西秦岭、六盘山等构造区不同程度地存在着GPS水平挤压闭锁高应变积累、垂直隆升异常高梯度带和重力升、降差异剧烈变化等中长期背景;（2）震前到震时发震断裂附近及其外围相关构造区域断层形变异常在空间和时间上的起伏波动变化显著,尤其是汶川地震以来的波动变化在一定程度上反映了与本区构造比邻的龙门山断裂带剧烈右旋错动对本区的影响,与本次岷县6.6级地震过程有关;（3）本区有地形变监测资料积累以来缺乏6级以上震例,虽然存在不同程度的中长期形变背景异常,但何时进入短期-短临阶段确实很难把握,需要不断积累总结和探索提高.     

Crustal structure and tectonic setting of the south central Andes from gravimetric analysis

Based on terrestrial gravity data, in this paper we prepared a map of Bouguer anomalies, which was filtered to separate shallow and deep gravity sources. Based on a density model and gravimetric inversion techniques, the discontinuous crust-mantle boundary and the top of crystalline basement were modeled. Subsequently, the equivalent elastic thickness (Te) was evaluated, considering information from the crust-mantle discontinuity and topographic load, finding high Te values in the eastern Andean foothills and west of the Velasco range. These results are consistent with the positive isostatic and residual Bouguer anomaly values, which suggest the presence of high-density rocks in the mid-to upper crust. In addition, petrographic and geochemical analysis conducted in surface outcrops suggest a mantle origin.     

江苏省地电阻率年变化及其差异性探讨

以江苏省江宁地震台、新沂地震台和海安地震台为例,归纳了江苏省地电阻率年变化特征的类型,并对地电阻率年变化差异性的原因做了探讨。通过反演计算指出地电阻率年变化差异性的原因主要是由各观测场地地下电性结构造成的,分析这种不同有益于解决在场地选择中如何得到一个规则年变的场地,以便更好地服务于地震预报的数据处理。     

超导重力仪检测2011年日本东北Mw9.0级地震前的重力扰动信号

对大地震前的扰动现象的研究有助于认识地震孕育的动力学过程,震前重力扰动已成为关注的热点之一. 对大地震前的扰动现象的研究有助于认识地震孕育的动力学过程,震前重力扰动已成为关注的热点之一. 为检验日本M_w9.0级地震是否存在震前扰动现象,本研究利用全球超导重力仪记录到的地震前后7天内20组秒采样数据进行分析. 经潮汐、大气改正等处理去除仪器的漂移及残余潮汐效应,得到非潮汐重力变化曲线.结果表明大部分振幅大于30×10^-8 m·s^-2的曲线反映了全球M_w≥6级地震引起的高频波动信号,其中11组数据在3月9日M_w7.3级前震之前出现了扰动现象.震前扰动可分解为三个频段,其中,低于0.1 Hz和高于0.18 Hz的分量分别反映了地震波动信号及非构造信息,中间频段(0.118~0.18 Hz)信号能够较大程度地压制地震波动信号、并同时保留异常扰动信息.它的振幅在3月7日10时之前基本保持约1×10^-8 m·s^-2,之后开始逐渐增大,到3月9日7.3级前震前后达到最大,此后振荡衰减,振幅保持约(5~10)×10^-8 m·s^-2,直至主震发生.中间频段信号的变化特征与主震前的应力迁移过程以及实验记录到的地震成核过程有许多相似之处;不过,震前重力异常是否与主震前的应力加速积累有关,仍待进一步研究.     

The Spatial Restructuring of Population in Metropolitan Beijing: Toward Polycentricity in the Post-Reform ERA

Based on data from the third (1982), fourth (1990), and fifth (2000) Population Census of China, this research examines the changing patterns of population distribution in the Beijing metropolitan area in the post-reform era. In the mid-1980s, China launched a series of urban land use reforms aimed toward achieving a market economy. A direct impact of these reforms in Beijing was the restructuring of land uses, evidenced by the relocation of central-city residents to the suburbs to make room for commercial development. This residential suburbanization trend emerged during the 1980s and accelerated in the 1990s. Population change rates varied significantly across subdistricts, and variation was much greater in the 1990s than in the 1980s, indicating an increasingly diverse set of growth trajectories across metropolitan Beijing over time. Various population density functions are tested. The population density pattern is best characterized by a monocentric model in 1982, a dual-centered model in 1990, and a seven-centered model in 2000. This transition in Beijing's urban form toward polycentricity is similar to trends in most Western cities.     

Quantitative geomorphological analysis of drumlins in the Peterborough drumlin field,Ontario, Canada

Drumlins are enigmatic subglacial landforms that have been interpreted to form by a number of processes, including incremental accumulation of till, erosion of previously deposited sediment, catastrophic meltwater floods, and sediment deformation. However, relatively little is known about the controls on drumlin formation, such as spatially variable glacial processes or substrate characteristics, and how these controls may be identified from variations in drumlin morphology within a single drumlin field. This paper explores a computational method that allows identification of drumlins and extraction of their morphological characteristics from existing topographic digital data for a portion of the Peterborough drumlin field in Ontario, Canada. Spatial and non‐spatial analysis of the form and distribution of drumlins across the study area identifies drumlin characteristics such as size, elongation ratio, symmetry and long axis orientation and shows that drumlins are not randomly distributed across the region and their form characteristics have distinct regional trends. Kernel density analysis is used to identify the regional trends in drumlin characteristics. Factors that appear to influence the form and distribution of drumlins in the study area include sediment thickness, length of time beneath the ice, ice velocity and direction of ice movement. The distribution of particularly well developed asymmetric and elongate drumlins coincides with the location of a broad bedrock low and is interpreted to identify the former location of a fast‐flowing ice stream.     

Forward simulation of gravity for crustal structure of Xiachayu-Gonghe profile in eastern Tibetan plateau

The crustal structure of Xiachayu-Gonghe geophysical profile in eastern Tibetan plateau is simulated with Bouguer anomaly corrected for sediments and lithosphere. The forward simulation shows that the thickness of upper crust in eastern Tibetan plateau is about 20 km, and the density is 2.78×103kg/m3. The bottom interface of middle crust changes from 30 km to 40 km, the density of middle crust is 2.89×103kg/m3. The materials with low density of 2.78 ×103kg/m3 exist in middle crust, and those with high density of 3.33 ×103kg/m3 exist at the bottom of middle crust between Wenquan and Tanggemu. The density is 3.10 ×103kg/m3 in lower crust. The shallowest depth of Moho interface is about 56 km, and the deepest one is about 74 km, the undulation of interface is large, the deep Moho is located in Xiachayu, Chayu, Nujiang, and Wenquan. The crustal density of eastern Tibetan plateau is larger than that of central section; the low velocity layers are located in middle crust and bottom in eastern Tibetan plateau and at the bottom of the upper crust in the central plateau.     

Formal difference analysis and unification onp-norm distribution density functions

The cause of the formal difference ofp-norm distribution density functions is analyzed, two problems in the deduction ofp-norm formulating are improved, and it is proved that two different forms ofp-norm distribution density functions are equivalent. This work is useful for popularization and application of thep-norm theory to surveying and mapping.