Spatial and temporal variability of annual and seasonal precipitation over the desert region of China during 1951–2005

The spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in the desert region of China (DRC) from 1951 to 2005 were investigated using a rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF), the precipitation concentration index (PCI) and the Mann–Kendall trend test method (M‐K method). In addition, the association between variation patterns of precipitation and large‐scale circulation were also explored using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data. The results indicated that the spatial pattern of precipitation was primarily the local climate effect significant type, with the first three EOFs explaining a total of 55·3% of the variance, and the large‐scale climate system effect type, which explained 9·8% of the variance. Prior to the 1970s, the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger, which resulted in abundant precipitation in the Inner Mongolia region. Conversely, the climate of the Xinjiang region was controlled by westerly circulation and had lower precipitation. However, this situation has been reversed since the 1980s. It is predicted that precipitation will decrease by 15–40 and 0–10 mm/year in the Inner Mongolia plateau and southern Xinjiang, respectively, whereas it will likely increase by 10–40 mm/year in northern Xinjiang. Additionally, 58–62% of the annual rainfall occurred during summer in the DRC, with precipitation increasing during spring and summer and decreasing in winter. The intra‐annual precipitation is becoming uniform, but the inter‐annual variability in precipitation has been increasing in the western portions of the DRC. The probability of precipitation during the study period increased by 30% and 22·2% in the extreme‐arid zones and arid zones, respectively. Conversely, the probability of precipitation during the study period decreased by 18·5% and 37·5% in the semi‐arid zones and semi‐wet zones, respectively. It is predicted that the northwest portion of the DRC will become warmer and wetter, while the central portion will become warmer and drier and the northeast portion will be subjected to drought. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2005年汉江上游秋涝环流条件和水汽场特征分析

利用美国环境预测中心(NCEP)资料,对2005年9月1日至10月10日汉江上游秋涝期500 hPa环流条件和700 hPa水汽场的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:在汉江上游秋涝盛期,500 hPa高度距平场呈现出" ,-, "波列结构。700 hPa主要水汽源在孟加拉湾和南海地区。同时段水汽通量散度场EOF分析表明,汉江上游水汽通量散度同南海和孟加拉湾北部具有相同的变化符号;小波分析进一步揭示出汉江上游和南海地区水汽通量散度都存在准2周和准1周的振荡。强降水一般出现在几种不同频率振荡的负值位相叠加的时段。     

河南省小麦白粉病时空变化特征分析

利用河南省10个气象观测站2000-2011年小麦白粉病调查资料,采用经验正交函数分解（EOF）等方法,分析了河南省小麦不同生育阶段白粉病发生的时空变化特征,根据各地区病叶率和发病面积的大小,构建了综合发病指数,对全省冬小麦白粉病发生强度进行风险分析。结果表明：各要素场第一、二模态的累积方差贡献率大都在70%以上,可用来解释各要素场大部分的时空分布特征;小麦白粉病发病风险北高南低,综合发病指数与小麦生长季的降水和气温均呈显著负相关。     

基于QuikSCAT/NCEP风场的1999-2009年中国海表风场研究

利用1999年8月-2009年7月具有高精度的QuikSCAT/NCEP混合风场,对中国海海表风场的风速风向、极值风速、大风频率等特征进行分析,研究发现:MAM和SON的风速大值中心位于台湾海峡,JJA位于南海西南部海域,DJF大值区主要位于琉球群岛-台湾海峡-东沙群岛-平顺海岛一带,风向也具有明显的季节特征;极值风速...     

Application of spatial EOF and multivariate time series model for evaluating agricultural drought vulnerability in Korea

This study proposed a methodology using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and multivariate time series model for the analysis of drought both in time and space. The methodology proposed was then applied to evaluate the vulnerability of agricultural drought of major river basins in Korea. First, the three-month SPI data from 59 rain gauge stations over the Korean Peninsula were analyzed by deriving and spatially characterizing the EOFs. The shapes of major estimated EOFs were found to well reflect the observed spatial pattern of droughts. Second, the coefficient time series of estimated EOFs were then fitted by a multivariate time series model to generate the SPI data for 10,000 years, which were used to derive the annual maxima series of areal average drought severity over the Korean Peninsula. These annual maxima series were then analyzed to determine the mean drought severity for given return periods. Four typical spatial patterns of drought severity could also be selected for those return periods considered. This result shows that the southern part of the Korean Peninsula is most vulnerable to drought than the other parts. Finally, the agricultural drought vulnerability was evaluated by considering the potential water supply from dams. In an ideal case, when all the maximum dam storage was assumed to be assigned to agriculture, all river basins in Korea were found to have the potential to overcome a 30-year drought. However, under more realistic conditions considering average dam storage and water allocation priorities, most of the river basins could not overcome a 30-year drought.     

利用经验正交函数绘制低频天气图的研究

根据NCEP/NCAR1再分析资料及GFS模式资料,利用经验正交函数分解及Morlet小波变换方法,制作EOF低频天气图。与Butterworth滤波方法提前设定低频周期不同,该方法遵从大气自身的时-频变化特征,能够及时调整显著周期,提取研究时段的主要低频振荡。跟踪分析表明:EOF低频天气图上的低频系统的准周期性和准定常性都较为稳定,能够反映大气环流的主要特性。比较而言,在EOF低频天气图上,中低纬地区的主要低频系统的位置及气流的辐合区更接近实际大气的主要特征。而Butterworth低频图对中高纬低频系统的刻画能力更强。可综合两种低频图的特点加以利用。另外,利用GFS模式的预报场获取未来1~10 d的EOF低频预报图,将其用于延伸期预报,可增长低频天气图方法的预报时效。     

1982—2001年与2002—2021年北极秋季海冰的时空变化及原因

基于北极海冰密集度、海冰范围、大气环流和海温数据,研究了1982—2001年与2002—2021年两阶段各20 a间北极秋季海冰的时空变化特征及其原因。结果表明,近20 a（2002—2021年）北极海冰密集度的下降中心由过去（1982—2001年）的楚科奇海及白令海峡一带,转移至亚欧大陆海岸的巴伦支海附近,且海冰范围每10 a减少量由0.44×10⁶ km²增长至0.72×10⁶ km²,减少速度加快约64%。秋季北极海冰范围与海水表面温度（Sea Surface Temperature,SST）、表面气温（Surface Air Temperature,SAT）及比湿（Specific Humidity）均呈显著负相关。2002—2021年的相关系数较1982—2001年有所提高,且与温度相关系数最高的月份提前了一个月。通过对海水表面温度、表面气温、比湿、气压场和风场的经验正交分解（Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF）可知,1982—2001年间,北极地区的温度及比湿的上升中心集中在楚科奇海及白令海峡一带;2002—2021年间,上升中心则转移至巴伦支海一带。气压场和风场在前后两阶段也出现了中心转移的分布变化。北极地区大气与海洋环流各因素的协同变化影响着北极海冰的消融。     

Precipitation patterns and associated hydrological extremes in the Yangtze River basin,China, using TRMM/PR data and EOF analysis

Abstract

A decadal-scale study to retrieve the spatio-temporal precipitation patterns of the Yangtze River basin, China, using the Tropical Rain Mapping Mission, Precipitation Radar (TRMM/PR) data is presented. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) based on monthly TRMM/PR data extracts several leading precipitation patterns, which are largely connected with physical implications at the basin scale. With the aid of gauge station data, the amplitudes of major principal components (PCs) were used to examine the generic relationships between precipitation variations and hydrological extremes (e.g. floods and droughts) during summer seasons over the past decade. The emergence of such major precipitation patterns clearly reveals the possible linkages with hydrological processes, and the oscillations in relation to the amplitude of major PCs are consistent with these observed hydrological extremes. Although the floods in some sections of the Yangtze River were, to some extent, tied to human activities, such as the removal of wetlands, the variations in major precipitation patterns are recognized as the primary driving force of the flow extremes associated with floods and droughts. The research findings indicate that long-distance hydro-meteorological signals of large-scale precipitation variations over such a large river basin can be successfully identified with the aid of EOF analysis. The retrieved precipitation patterns and their low-frequency jumps of amplitude in relation to PCs are valuable tools to help understand the association between the precipitation variations and the occurrence of hydrological extremes. Such a study can certainly aid in disaster mitigation and decision-making in water resource management.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor A. Montanari

Citation Sun, Z., Chang, N.-B., Huang, Q., and Opp, C., 2013. Precipitation patterns and associated hydrological extremes in the Yangtze River basin, China, using TRMM/PR data and EOF analysis. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (7), 1315–1324.     

Satellite-derived variability of the Aegean Sea ecohydrodynamics

Eight years of AVHRR-derived sea surface temperature (SST) and SeaWiFS-derived surface chlorophyll (Chl) data (1998–2005) are used to investigate key processes affecting the spatial and temporal variability of the two parameters in the Aegean Sea. Seasonal mean SST and Chl maps are constructed using daily data to study seasonal dynamics whereas empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and correlational analysis is applied to the 8-day composite SST and Chl anomaly time-series in order to study the variability and co-variability of the two parameters from subseasonal to interannual time-scales. The seasonal mean fields show that Black Sea cold and chlorophyll-rich waters enter through the Dardanelles Strait and they are accumulated in the north-eastern part of the Aegean Sea, steered by the Samothraki anticyclone. Large chlorophyll concentrations are encountered in the hydrological front off the Dardanelles Strait as well as in coastal areas affected by large riverine/anthropogenic nutrient loads. The SST seasonal mean patterns reveal strong cooling that is associated with upwelling along the eastern boundary of the basin during summer due to strong northerly winds, a process which is not present in the surface chlorophyll climatology. The Chl dataset presents much stronger sub-seasonal variability than SST, with large variations in the phase and strength of the phytoplankton seasonal cycles. EOF analysis of the anomaly time-series shows that SST non-seasonal variability is controlled by synoptic weather variations and anomalies in the north–south wind-stress component regulating the summer coastal upwelling regime. Mean SST and Chl patterns, and their associated variations, are not closely linked implying that Black Sea and riverine inputs mainly control the intra-annual and interannual variability of the surface chlorophyll in the Aegean Sea rather than mixing and/or upwelling processes.     

夏季巴拉望岛西北部海域净热通量的时空变化特征和形成机理初析

利用OAFLUX气候态月平均热通量资料及TMI云量、降雨、SST和QuikScat风场资料,对南海、特别是巴拉望岛西北海域净热通量的时空特征进行了深入分析.研究发现,夏季在巴拉望岛西北海域存在一局域净热通量极小值区,在7月份该海域海洋甚至呈现失热达20 W/m2情况.分析认为该局地净热通量异常可能与南海暖水的发生、发展有关,即由于西南季风爆发,巴拉望岛西北海域对流加强,一方面,蒸发增大使得潜热增大、云量增多,导致入射太阳短波辐射的减少;另一方面,降水的增大使得该海域出现障碍层现象,障碍层导致的局地海温正反馈进一步增强了局地对流,从而加剧海洋失热过程,促成了巴拉望岛西北海域净热通量局地异常的出现.进一步的经验正交模态（EOF）分析表明,在季节变化尺度上,南海净热通量的第一模态（89.1%）呈同位相变化,反映了南海受冬、夏季风的交替驱动特征;其中南海北部（海南岛至台湾海峡南段的带状海域）为振幅最大区,这与该海域存在年平均最大风速有关;第二模态（10.0%）以吕宋岛至雷州半岛一线为界,南北两侧反相,并具有显著的局域特征;不仅反映了黑潮入侵与南海环流的季节变化,而且还发现巴拉望岛西北海域存在一局地极值域,对应夏季净热通量异常区.