我国国家自然地图集的创新与发展

论述了第一版《中华人民共和国自然地图集》(196 5年 )的历史贡献与成功经验。分析了新编《中华人民共和国国家自然地图集》(1999年 )的基础与条件 ;阐述了新编国家自然地图集的设计原则与编制方法。重点论述了新编国家自然地图集的特点与创新 :1、更全面地显示了 2 0世纪我国地学与生物学的科学积累 ;2、集中反映了我国的自然资源、自然灾害与自然利用保护 ,突出了人与自然的关系 ;3、较多的动植物地图很好地显示了我国生物多样性及其研究的深入 ;4、突出地反映了我国地球科学研究的新进展与新贡献 ;5、地图集的编制实现了由传统工艺向全数字化计算机设计、编辑与自动制版工艺的根本转变。最后论述了国家自然地图集的意义、作用与影响     

地理信息系统与通江县社会主义新农村建设

在地理信息的基础上整合交通、农业、土地、矿产、旅游等各种专题信息,建立地理信息系统为政府建设社会主义新农村提供科学、合理的决策依据和决策平台。     

GIS use by an urban local body as part of e-governance in India

Government organizations in the developing world have been at the forefront of ongoing reforms that have prompted their use of GIS and other information and communication technologies for urban governance. However, there have been very few examinations of GIS spatial knowledge construction in a non-Western context. Particularly, very little is known about the growing and varying use of GIS and spatial information by urban local bodies in India in the midst of India’s changing urban governance culture. This article presents an in-depth examination of Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC), one of India’s leading urban local bodies as the corporation implements e-governance strategies including the use of GIS and spatial information. Drawing from Critical GIS literature and GIS implementation and diffusion literature, this article uses an integrated approach to examine SMC’s GIS spatial knowledge construction. The article demonstrates that in the case of SMC, GIS knowledge construction is not only shaped by SMC’s proactive role in positioning itself with the national government’s priorities and agendas, but also by the presence of powerful actors who play an instrumental role in introducing change and innovation. This article is part of a larger project that aims to investigate the process of GIS spatial knowledge construction situated in contemporary India.     

中国地区城市热岛环流研究进展

城市热岛环流是由城市热岛激发的、存在于边界层的局地环流。这一环流常影响城市区域污染物的扩散及城市降水,是城市气象学的重点研究对象。在过去30多年间,中国城市热岛环流的研究不断取得突破,研究成果丰富。为了今后更有效地开展相关研究,本文从观测分析、理论与数值模拟研究两方面,回顾并总结了我国在热岛环流研究方面取得的成果,包括热岛环流的时空特征、产生机制,以及热岛环流与其他局地环流的相互作用。此外,本文总结了热岛环流对城市及其周边地区污染物水平和垂直分布的影响。     

Numerical assessment of hydro-morphodynamics affected by altered upstream discharge in the Dujiangyan reach of the Min River,China

The Dujiangyan Irrigation Project, a globally well-known hydraulic engineering project, is significant for the Chengdu Plain. In recent years, due to water supply scarcity in the Chengdu Plain and increasing flood disasters in the Min River, the Moertan Reservoir was constructed to alleviate these pressures. The construction resulted in a mid-reach embankment along the Min River that forced channel narrowing and triggered changes in channel morphology, flow and bedload transport. This study utilised field measurements coupled with physical and numerical models to simulate the resulting characteristics of flow, bedload transport and topographic change for different flood frequencies in the Dujiangyan reach following emplacement of the Moertan Reservoir. The results indicated that following extensive hydraulic regulation, the flow-bedload transport characteristics and morphodynamics exhibited similar behaviours across different flood frequencies. The presence of a mid-channel gravel-cobble shoal (GCS) divided the flow into multiple branches, with the right branch systematically dominating flow and bedload transport across all flood frequencies. Further downstream, the Fish Mouth Levee effectively diverted nearly equal amounts of flow through the Inner and Outer rivers. In contrast, approximately 20% and 80% of the bedload was transported through the Inner and Outer rivers, respectively. The findings were beneficial in providing a reference for the flood season management of the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project and the maintenance of associated hydraulic engineering projects.     

河北牛圈热泉型银(金)矿床成因

牛圈银(金)矿床是冀北地区近几年来新发现的重要银矿床之一.本文从硅质角砾岩成因、成矿的阶段划分、成矿物理化学条件、矿物包裹体等方面入手探讨了该矿床成因并提出了成矿模式.该矿床成矿温度稍高(220-350℃),成矿压力很低(小于260×10⁵Pa),形成深度为0.42-0.86km的亚地表环境,成矿流体以低盐度(小于3.35wt%NaCl),富K⁺、Cl^-、F^-、SO₄^2-,贫Na⁺、Ca²⁺,以大气水为主为特征,属典型的热泉型矿床.     

冰雪灾害造成森林乔木层C贮量损失评估与分析——以福建省长汀县为例

以因冰雪灾害造成森林资源损失较为严重的福建省长汀县为例,选取受灾乔木林为研究对象,结合实地踏查和典型抽样统计数据,评估森林乔木层C贮量损失并分析其主要影响因素．分析结果表明：冰雪灾害造成长汀县乔木林地受损面积达40178．87hm^2,占灾前面积的19．1％;损失蓄积95．69×10^4m^3,占灾前蓄积的38．6％,折合成森林乔木层C贮量损失34．55×10^4t,占灾前C贮量的41．4％,受损最为严重的四都、红山、古城等6个乡（镇、场）都靠近武夷山脉南麓;同一区域相同的立地条件下,针叶树种比阔叶树种受灾严重,松组和杉组C贮量相对损失比均超过阔叶树组的3倍,其中松组C贮量损失23．02×10^4t,占总C贮量损失的66．6％,占灾前松组C贮量的65．0％;中龄林C贮量损失12．84×10^4t,占灾前中龄林C贮量的56．6％,相对损失比最大,近成过熟林次之,幼龄林最小;海拔越高,C贮量损失比例越大,海拔450m以上区域C贮量损失达30．15×10^4t,占总C贮量损失的87．3％;迎风坡面和山脊西北侧的乔木林受灾相对严重,朝西、西北、北3个方向的C贮量损失20．11×1064t,占总C贮量损失的58．2％;位于中上部坡位的乔木林受灾相对严重,且坡位越高,C贮量损失越大．     

汶川地震中都江堰市的房屋震害

对汶川地震中都江堰市1 005栋房屋的现场震害调查资料进行了统计分析。分析表明,经抗震设计的房屋的震害明显低于未经抗震设计的房屋,前者实现了预期的抗震设防目标;在经抗震设计房屋中,钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋的震害相对较轻,底框架砌体结构房屋和砌体结构房屋次之;中高层建筑和低层建筑的震害比多层建筑轻;学校、医院等公用建筑的损坏与住宅建筑相比较重。     

河南范县ML 4．7地震前后的重力变化分析

通过使用“LGADJ”软件,分析范县地震前后的重力场变化特征发现：震中附近的重力点值在地震的孕育-发震-震后调整阶段,出现了下降-上升-下降的过程。从重力变化的角度,我们认为,该地震前后的重力变化支持孕震过程的膨胀理论;指出：通过加强观测研究冀鲁豫交界地区重力场变化,不断探索地震破坏机理,为和谐新农村建设提供地震安全保障!     

浙江省过洋渔业发展现状及对策研究

浙江省为远洋渔业大省,但远洋渔业产业结构不均衡,过洋渔业有进一步的发展潜力。文章介绍浙江省过洋渔业发展现状,分析目前浙江省在亚洲、南美洲、非洲和大洋洲主要入渔国的资源状况和发展前景,从面临的挑战和有利的条件进一步分析浙江省过洋渔业的发展形势。在此基础上,结合当前国家远洋渔业政策,提出浙江省过洋渔业的发展建议,包括统一思想认识,转变发展方式;强化政策支持,解决发展短板;调整捕捞作业结构,促进平衡发展;鼓励兼并重组,培育现代规模企业;加快渔船建造和改造,提升渔船现代化水平;加强制度建设,保障健康发展;明确安全职责,促进合法合规生产;加大科技投入,加强科技支撑;从严培训教育,提高从业人员素质;发挥行业协会作用,强化行业自律。