利用GRACE及气象数据评估GLDAS水文模型在青藏高原的适用性

以青藏高原地区为研究背景,以评估水文模型在该区的影响因素、改善条件及其整体适应性为研究目标,利用GRACE重力卫星对比水文模型模拟的陆地水变化,以及地面气象实测数据对比降雨与温度两项重要指标,采用相关与误差分析法评价水文模型输入参数,将其作为模型预测数据与实际观测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,GLDAS/Noah各项指标与GRACE更为相近,降雨与气温数据除夏冬两季存在幅值差异外,整体上周年幅值与相位都存在较高NSE系数,表明GLDAS模型的降雨及气温输入参数与地面观测数据有较高的一致性。     

Radiative effects on torrential rainfall during the landfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013)

Cloud microphysical and rainfall responses to radiative processes are examined through analysis of cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments of Typhoon Fitow(2013) during landfall.The budget analysis shows that the increase in the mean rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds corresponds to the decrease in accretion of raindrops by cloud ice in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds,but the rainfall is insensitive to radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds.The increases in the mean rainfall resulting from the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds correspond to the enhanced net condensation.The increases(decreases) in maximum rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence(absence) of radiative effects of ice clouds,or the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds in the presence(absence) of radiative effects of water clouds,correspond mainly to the enhancements(reductions) in net condensation.The mean rain rate is a product of rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage.The radiation-induced difference in the mean rain rate is related to the difference in rain intensity.The radiation-induced difference in the maximum rain rate is associated with the difference in the fractional coverage of maximum rainfall.     

用日本数值预报产品预报桂林市强降水的检验

用日本数值预报产品 JFU FE5 0 2、JFU FE5 0 3,对桂林市大雨以上强降水过程进行分析检验 ,结果表明有较好的预报能力 ,只是预报值偏小 ;在不同天气系统影响下 ,其预报性能也有所不同。实际运用时 ,结合天气形势、实际预报经验和其它预报方法进行有效订正 ,能提高强降水预报准确率     

Spatial and temporal variations in rainfall characteristics in mountainous and lowland areas in Taiwan

Although changes in rainfall characteristics have been noted across the world, few studies have reported those in mountainous areas. This study was undertaken to clarify spatial and temporal variations in rainfall characteristics such as annual rainfall amount (Pr), mean daily rainfall intensity (η), and ratio of rain days (λ) in mountainous and lowland areas in Taiwan. To this aim, we examined spatial and year‐to‐year variations and marginal long‐term trends in Pr, η, and λ, based on rainfall data from 120 stations during the period 1978–2008. The period mean rainfall () at the lowland stations had strong relationships with the period mean daily rainfall intensity () and the period mean ratio of rain days () during those 31 years. Meanwhile, was only strongly related to at mountainous stations, indicating that influences on spatial variations in were different between lowland and mountainous stations. Year‐to‐year variations in Pr at each station were primarily determined from the variation in η at most stations for both lowland and mountainous stations. Long‐term trend analysis showed that Pr and η increased significantly at 10% and 31% of the total 120 stations, respectively, and λ decreased significantly at 6% of the total. The increases in Pr were mostly accompanied by increases in η. Although stations with significant η increases were slightly biased toward the western lowland area, increases or decreases in Pr and λ were not common. These results contribute to understanding the impacts of possible climate changes on terrestrial hydrological cycles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating actual rainfall from satellite rainfall products

The lack of uncertainty measures in operational satellite rainfall (SR) products leads to a situation where users of the SR products know that there are significant errors in the products, but they have no quantitative information about the distribution of these errors. The authors propose a semiparametric model to characterize the conditional distribution of actual rainfall (AR) given measures from SR products. The model consists of two components: a conditional gamma density given each SR, and a smooth functional relationship between the gamma parameters and SR. The model is developed for monthly rainfall, estimated from a satellite with sampling frequency once a day, averaged over an area of 512 × 512 km² in the Mississippi River basin. The conditional distribution results are more informative than deterministic SR products since the whole conditional distribution enables users to take appropriate actions according to their own risk assessments and cost/benefit analyses.     

旱涝指数的研究

提出了一种新的区域旱涝指数及其旱涝标准的划分方法，并运用该指数对近50a（1951－2000年）来华北地区夏季旱涝进行了分析，通过与其他旱涝指数的比较分析，发现该指数能较合适地反映区域旱涝的程度和范围，且划分旱涝的标准较客观，具有一定的普适性。     

0604号强热带风暴碧利斯异常强降水过程的诊断分析

基于0604号强热带风暴“碧利斯”异常强降水对我国造成的巨大影响,使用地面加密观测资料、卫星云图资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中尺度模式输出的产品,对此次强热带风暴登陆减弱后缓慢移动且长时间维持而引发的湖南、广东等地强降水过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明：受西太平洋副热带高压、北方大陆高压、青藏高原东部高压及低纬赤道高压的包围,低压移动缓慢,而西南季风气流及副高西南侧的东南气流源源不断地输送水汽到低压环流中,有利于其强度经久不衰,低压持续存在。对中尺度数值预报产品和物理量场的分析发现,水汽供应充沛,低层气流辐合性较强,垂直对流旺盛,是这次强降水发生的有利条件。     

山区流域高盖度斜坡对极端降雨事件的地下水响应

受到日益加剧的全球变暖趋势的强力驱动,极端降雨及与之相伴的山区流域植被发育斜坡的群发性失稳事件在包括中国在内的多山国家的发生频率越来越高,因此对这一问题的深入研究具有重大的现实意义.到目前为止,降雨-滑坡领域的现有研究成果主要集中在并无成因联系的降雨事件与滑坡事件之间的相互关系及斜坡岩土体水岩相互作用方面,而降雨→滑坡...     

数字化3cm天气雷达定量测量降水的结果和讨论

本文讨论了3cm天气雷达在兰州地区定量测量降水及其精度;分析了不同降水类型和衰减等对测量的影响;讨论了地面雨量计订正雷达测量值的方法和效果。     

三峡库区白家包滑坡变形特征与影响因素分析

针对三峡库区阶跃型滑坡,以白家包滑坡为例,统计分析滑坡位移、变形速率和裂缝监测数据。显示滑坡在2007年6月之前为蠕动变形初期,受降雨和库水位等外界因素的作用,6月滑坡发生剧烈变形,之后一直保持约75°方向滑动。滑坡体中前部位移速率大于后缘,其变形具有牵引式特点。滑体上裂缝与变形位移具有一致性,位移量越大的区域裂缝越发育。将位移速率与降雨、库水位和地下水进行影响机制分析,建立滑坡变形与外界动态影响因素之间的响应关系。结果表明降雨量和库水位变化是引起滑坡季节性变形的主要因素,其中降雨强度、库水位下降及下降速率是导致滑坡位移速率波动大小的关键因子。