森林碳汇决策与农村可持续发展研究

认为有必要在基于碳汇的土地利用和当地可持续发展之间建立一种更加明确的联系．依托一个中国-加拿大合作项目，以中国贵州省黎平县为例，阐述了一种将森林碳汇、森林资源管理以及如何促进当地可持续发展联系起来的综合评估方法，并且着重介绍了能帮助资源管理和规划部门实施这种综合评估的土地利用决策支持工具（LUDST）．     

Dissolved Trace Metal–Organic Complexes in the Lot–Garonne River System Determined Using the C18 Sep-Pak System

An 11-month observation of dissolved and particulate organic matter, chlorophyll a(Chl a), C18 Sep-Pak extractable hydrophobic dissolved organic matter (hDOM) fraction and associated dissolved trace metals (Cd, Cu, V, Co, Ni, Mo, U) was performed in the Lot–Garonne River system. This system includes the Riou Mort, the Lot River and the downstream reaches of the Garonne River and represents the fluvial transport path of trace metals between the major point source of polymetallic pollution, located in the Riou Mort watershed and the Gironde estuary. Spatial and temporal variations of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and Chl areflect the presence of different types of organic matter and their relation with the hDOM fraction. Maximum Chl a/POC ratios (up to 0.03), indicate intense phytoplankton production from March to May. In the Lot River (Temple), DOC and POC concentrations were clearly higher and mean Chl a concentration (2.8 mg g⁻¹) was about three times higher than those of the other sites. High Chl a/POC ratios suggest high phytoplankton activity with maxima in spring and late summer. In the Riou Mort River, very high POC concentrations of up to 40 (mean: 20) occurred, whereas Chl a concentrations were relatively low indicating low phytoplankton activity. High, strongly variable DOC and POC concentrations suggest important natural (Carboniferous soils, forests) or anthropogenic (e.g., former coal mines, waste areas, agriculture, sewage) carbon sources within the small Riou Mort watershed. Despite high DOC concentrations in the Riou Mort River, hDOM metal fractions were generally lower than those at the other sites. The general order of decreasing binding strength between metals and the organic hydrophobic phase (Cu, U > Co, Ni > V, Mo > Cd) at all four sites was in good agreement with the Irving–William series of transition element affinity towards organic ligands. Accordingly, the role of the hydrophobic phase in dissolved Cd transport appeared to be negligible, whereas the hDOM–Cu fraction strongly contributed to dissolved Cu transport.     

Dynamics and interaction of organic carbon, turbidity and bacteria in a karst aquifer system

The dynamics of organic carbon (OC), turbidity, faecal indicator bacteria and physicochemical parameters was studied in a karst system near Yverdon, Switzerland. Online measurements and sampling were done at a swallow hole draining an agricultural surface (the input), and two groups of springs (the outputs) that often show bacterial contamination. A fluorescent tracer that was injected into the swallow hole during low-flow conditions first arrived at the springs 10–12 days after injection; the total recovery rate was 29%. Previous tracer tests during high-flow conditions gave shorter travel times. After a major rainfall event, a primary turbidity peak was observed at the springs. It coincides with the rising limb of the hydrograph, indicating remobilisation of autochthonous particles from the aquifer. A secondary turbidity peak occurs several days later, suggesting the arrival of allochthonous particles from the swallow hole. Wider peaks of OC and bacteria were observed simultaneously. Applying methods from molecular microbiology (PCR-DGGE) allowed characterisation of the bacterial communities at the swallow hole and the springs. The results demonstrate that the swallow hole is an important source of groundwater contamination, while its contribution to aquifer recharge is insignificant. OC appears to be a better indicator for bacterial contamination than turbidity.     

旧供水井化学处理方法介绍--以加德满都市旧供水井修复为例

本文以加德满都市旧供水井修复项目为例,针对因滤水管缝隙被化学物质堵塞,导致井出水量逐年减少的旧供水井。通过井下电视摄像系统检查,采用六偏磷酸钠、氨基黄酸等有机酸,结合刷洗、高压喷射等机械方法进行处理,使旧供水井出水量得到明显提高。     

马朗凹陷马1井储层长石中有机包裹体研究

根据对马朗凹陷马1井储层长石中有机包裹体的基本特征、均一温度、荧光及荧光光谱分析，得出有机包裹体均一温度为60～90℃．120～140℃，其对应的荧光颜色分别为黄色和蓝绿色。认为储层的油气运移经历了两期，第一期为烃类的主要运移、聚集期，油气为低成熟油；第二期为少量的烃类聚集，并判断出二叠系条湖组该段储层为油气产层。     

饱和烃经5à分子筛络合前后单体烃碳同位素分析对比研究

通过对自配标准样品(正构烷烃)进行5à分子筛吸附试验,测定了用5分子筛吸附法分离前后正构烷烃、异构烷烃和环烷烃碳同位素值,探讨试验前后碳同位素值的变化。尽管实验过程中样品经过85℃长时间加热回流及吸附样品的5à分子筛用氢氟酸酸化处理,但实验结果经仪器检测,证明该方法对正构烷烃碳同位素值影响因素不大。本文还介绍了原油和煤可溶有机质中饱和烃络合前后的单体烃碳同位素分析方法。并在前人工作的基础上,改进采用微型索氏抽提加热回流实验装置,既提高了样品的回收率,也减少了样品中轻组分的损失。     

Soluble organic compounds in fog and cloud droplets: what have we learned over the past few years?

We have recently set up a new procedure for characterising the water soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in fog water, for which information is still rather limited. Fog samples collected during the 1998–1999 fall–winter season in the Po Valley (Italy) were analysed following this procedure, which allows a quantitative determination of three main classes of organic compounds (neutral species, mono- and di-carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids), together accounting for ca. 85% of the total WSOC. This procedure also provides information on the main chemical characteristics of these three classes of compounds (functional groups, aliphatic vs. aromatic character, etc.). The enhanced chemical knowledge on fog/cloud chemical composition opens new scenarios as far as chemical and microphysical processes in clouds and fogs are concerned.     

平落坝储层有机包裹体特征与气藏形成过程研究

通过储集层成岩作用与有机包裹体的研究认为,研究区储集层有机包裹体主要通过交代和重结晶作用而形成,有各种相态形式,主要分布在石英颗粒内溶蚀缝或孔隙中,构造裂缝中基本未见有机包裹体。上三叠统储集层包裹体丰度明显高于侏罗系沙溪庙组。香二气藏砂岩有机包裹体均一温度主峰在 10 0～ 110℃;沙溪庙气藏砂岩有机包裹体均一温度主峰在 90～ 10 0℃。香二气藏形成时间早,经历了印支期少量注入到印支期末-喜山早期大量注入,再到喜山晚期调整、部分注入的过程。沙溪庙气藏天然气注入则主要发生于喜山运动期。     

加水热模拟中深湖与煤系泥岩地化特征比较

通过深湖泥岩和煤系泥岩的加水热模拟研究认为,在热模拟实验过程中,深湖泥岩和煤系泥岩显示不同特征,并且其演化有差别。深湖泥岩利于液态原油的生成,并且转化率高于煤系泥岩。深湖泥岩残余可溶有机质饱和烃含量高于煤系泥岩,非烃含量则低于煤系泥岩。深湖泥岩胶质 /沥青质和饱芳比均随温度升高而降低,而煤系泥岩的胶质 /沥青质随温度升高有增加趋势,其饱芳比的变化则不大或有降低趋势。深湖泥岩的T_max难以指示演化阶段,其干酪根碳同位素值明显轻于煤系泥岩,它们的值均随温度的升高而变重。     

原油在储层介质中的加水裂解生气模拟实验

采用高温高压热模拟实验方法,开展了原油在砂岩和火成岩储层介质中的加水裂解生气模拟实验研究.结果表明,原油开始大量裂解的温度是400℃,随模拟温度增加,甲烷相对含量增大,乙烷以上重烃气尤其是丙烷相对含量减小.其中砂岩的油水混合物裂解生气主要发生在450～500℃之间,生气窗范围小,对应的烃气产率高,火成岩的油水混合物裂解生气主要发生在450～600℃之间,生气窗范围大,对应的烃气产率小.模拟烃气的组分碳同位素分馏显著,随模拟温度增加呈变重趋势.在裂解生气过程中,水解加氢和催化作用对烃气的组成、产率和碳同位素分布有重要影响。