Fe-TiO2的制备及在可见光下催化降解对硝基苯胺

采用水热法自制了铁掺杂的锐钛矿型铁二氧化钛光催化剂Fe-TiO2。通过分析对硝基苯胺溶液的初始浓度、二氧化钛掺铁量、TiO2用量和溶液的pH值对光催化速率的影响,研究了Fe-TiO2光催化对硝基苯胺动力学行为。结果表明,在对硝基苯胺的初始浓度为25mg／L,Fe-TiO2掺铁量为0．2％（摩尔分数）,TiO2用量为0．1g／L,溶液pH=6,室温下可见光照反应10h,对硝基苯胺的降解率D和表观反应速率常数k达到最大。光催化反应符合L-H动力学规律,对硝基苯胺的降解过程为拟一级反应,k为0．0314h^-1。     

Macroalgae in the coral reefs of Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea) as a possible indicator of reef degradation

The current state of health of the coral reefs in the northern Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea), notably the Eilat reefs, is under debate regarding both their exact condition and the causes of degradation. A dearth of earlier data and unequivocal reliable indices are the major problems hinder a clear understanding of the reef state. Our research objective was to examine coral-algal dynamics as a potential cause and an indication of reef degradation. The community structure of stony corals and algae along the northern Gulf of Aqaba reveal non-seasonal turf algae dominancy in the shallow Eilat reefs (up to 72%), while the proximate Aqaba reefs present negligible turf cover (<6%). We believe that turf dominancy can indicate degradation in these reefs, based on the reduction in essential reef components followed by proliferation of perennial turf algae. Our findings provide further evidence for the severe state of the Eilat coral reefs.     

Laboratory Testing of Sulfamethoxazole and its Metabolite Acetyl‐Sulfamethoxazole in Soil

The fate of ¹⁴C‐labeled sulfamethoxazole and acetyl‐sulfamethoxazole in soil has been investigated with special respect to possible entry routes of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals into soil environments. Therefore, the stability of the test substances was monitored first in sewage sludge and bovine manure. Within the incubation period of 72 d, 1% at maximum of the initially applied radiotracers was released as ¹⁴C‐carbon dioxide while ?75% was transferred to non‐extractable residues that were operationally defined by the ethyl acetate extraction. Test‐sludge and test‐manure samples with defined aged residues were prepared and, supplementary to standard solutions, applied to silty‐clay soil samples. After standard and test‐sludge application, soil/water distribution coefficients of K_d < 5 L kg^–1 were determined revealing both test substances as potential leachers. In contrast, the sorption of sulfamethoxazole increased after test‐manure application (K_d > 10 L kg^–1). In the long‐term degradability tests, the metabolic fate of both test substances was characterized by the continuous decrease of extractable residues, resulting in disappearance times of DT₉₀ ? 33 d, and the increase of non‐extractable residues. Mineralization reached 11% at maximum. Thereby, the dynamics of these processes differed whether the test substances were applied via standard, test‐sludge or test‐manure application. This fact emphasized the relevance of entry route specific matrix effects on the fate of both test substances in soil.     

东北亚区域国际合作中跨境交通走廊的发展及其对环境退化的影响

东北亚区域跨境交通走廊由于图们江地区国际合作开发的深入而得到迅速发展,其对区域环境退化已经形成和将要形成重大的影响。本文在对东北亚区域国际合作中跨境交通走廊的运行及其发展进行深入研究的基础上,对跨境交通走廊的发展对区域环境退化的影响作了战略性的评价与分析,并对其未来发展提出若干建议。     

不同河岸植物带对非点源污染河水污染物降解试验研究

利用2种植物带（芦苇、香蒲与芦苇）对受非点源污染河水进行植物带处理污染物的降解效果模拟试验研究。结果表明：植物带处理污染物的降解效果明显优于无植物带,且以混合植物带效果最好。香蒲与芦苇植物带对COD、TN、TP和NH3-N去除率的周平均值分别为31．62％、37.84％、30．65％和34．31％。植物带能够截留地表径流中的颗粒物,提高水域中的溶解氧含量,对防止水土流失与改善流域水质均有显著作用。     

Assessment of climate change adaptation costs for the U.S. road network

The U.S. road network is one of the nation's most important capital assets and is vital to the functioning of the U.S. economy. Maintaining this asset involves approximately $134 billion of government funds annually from Federal, State, and local agencies. Climate change may represent a risk or an opportunity to this network, as changes in climate stress will affect the resources necessary for both road maintenance and construction projects. This paper develops an approach for estimating climate-related changes in road maintenance and construction costs such that the current level of service provided by roads is maintained over time. We estimate these costs under a baseline scenario in which annual mean global temperature increases by 1.5 °C in 2050 relative to the historical average and a mitigation scenario under which this increase in mean temperature is limited to 1.0 °C. Depending on the nature of the changes in climate that occur in a given area, our analysis suggests that climate change may lead to a reduction in road maintenance and/or construction costs or an increase in costs. Overall, however, our analysis shows that climate change, if unchecked, will increase the annual costs of keeping paved and unpaved roads in service by $785 million in present value terms by 2050. When not discounted, this figure increases to $2.8 billion. Policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are estimated to reduce these costs by approximately $280 million in present value terms and by $885 million when not discounted. These costs vary substantially by region and time period, information that should be important for transportation planners at the national, state, and local levels.     

A landcover change study of takyr surfaces in Turkmenistan

The shortage of fresh water in Turkmenistan may be partially alleviated by runoff water from takyrs. However, anthropogenic degradation of takyrs over the past few decades has reduced their efficacy as catchment areas. The main goal of this study was to map the spatial extent of takyrs and their change over time. Digital image processing of Landsat MSS and Landsat 7 ETM+ images were used to identify, map and classify the takyrs and estimate their overall area and degradation rates. Thereafter, a change detection procedure was applied. Results retrieved from Landsat MSS images of southern Turkmenistan (1972-1975) showed a total area of non-degraded takyr surfaces of ∼20,000 km², whereas those from Landsat 7 ETM+ images (2002-2003) showed a total non-degraded takyr area of ∼16,000 km². These include ∼8000 km² which were degraded and ∼4000 km² that were only detected by the ETM+ due to its improved spectral resolution. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the Landsat results with higher spatial resolution images of QuickBird. Additional ground points located with GPS measurements validated the classification results. We were thus able to assess the takyr areas degraded over the past decades, and find ∼16,000 km² of non-degraded takyrs suitable for water harvesting.     

From Objective Environmental Problems to Subjective Environmental Concern: A Multilevel Analysis Using 30 Indicators of Environmental Quality

This article analyzes the effect of environmental degradation, the affluence hypothesis, and postmaterialist theory to assess the environmental concern of individuals in 51 countries. The hypotheses are tested using a multilevel analysis that employs an unprecedented number of objective indicators of environmental degradation, using the World Values Survey 6th wave (2010–2014). The results support the degradation hypotheses, where the importance of water scarcity in a country and national biodiversity are the major variables that explain individual environmental concern among all the indicators of environmental degradation. The affluence hypothesis is rejected and the postmaterialist theory is supported only at the individual level.