Multi‐objective optimal design of FLC driven hybrid mass damper for seismically excited structures

Structural vibration control using active or passive control strategy is a viable technology for enhancing structural functionality and safety against natural hazards such as strong earthquakes and high wind gusts. Both the active and passive control systems have their limitations. The passive control system has limited capability to control the structural response whereas the active control system depends on external power. The power requirement for active control of civil engineering structures is usually quite high. Thus, a hybrid control system is a viable solution to alleviate some of the limitations. In this paper a multi‐objective optimal design of a hybrid control system for seismically excited building structures has been proposed. A tuned mass damper (TMD) and an active mass driver (AMD) have been used as the passive and active control components of the hybrid control system, respectively. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) has been used to drive the AMD as the FLC has inherent robustness and ability to handle the non‐linearities and uncertainties. The genetic algorithm has been used for the optimization of the control system. Peak acceleration and displacement responses non‐dimensionalized with respect to the uncontrolled peak acceleration and displacement responses, respectively, have been used as the two objectives of the multi‐objective optimization problem. The proposed design approach for an optimum hybrid mass damper (HMD) system, driven by FLC has been demonstrated with the help of a numerical example. It is shown that the optimum values of the design parameters of the hybrid control system can be determined without specifying the modes to be controlled. The proposed FLC driven HMD has been found to be very effective for vibration control of seismically excited buildings in comparison with the available results for the same example structure but with a different optimal absorber. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Active viscous damping system with amplifying braces for control of MDOF structures

The development and the applications of an active controlled viscous damping device with amplifying braces are described. The system of the dampers, defined as active viscous damping system (AVDS), connected to an amplifying brace (AB) is presented herein. Instantaneous control theory with velocity and acceleration feedback is used to obtain the control forces at each time step during an excitation. Control of the damping forces is possible due to the mechanical structure of the proposed AVDS, and the connection to the AB. The proposed system can be efficiently used to enhance the damping of a structure without modifying its stiffness. The added damping forces can be adjusted in a wide range. The efficiency of the presented system is demonstrated by a numerical simulation of a seven‐storey building subjected to earthquakes. The simulation shows a considerable reduction of control forces required for control to the AVDS with AB, compared to the same system without AB. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implications of the relationship between catchment vegetation type and the variability of annual runoff

The impact of changing catchment vegetation type on mean annual runoff has been known for some time, however, the impact on the variability of annual runoff has been established only recently. Differences in annual actual evapotranspiration between vegetation types and the potential effect of changing vegetation type on mean annual runoff and the variability of annual runoff are briefly reviewed. The magnitude of any change in the variability of annual runoff owing to a change in catchment vegetation type is related to the pre‐ and post‐change vegetation types and the seasonality of precipitation, assuming that the variability of annual precipitation remains constant throughout. Significant implications of the relationship between vegetation type and the variability of annual runoff are presented and discussed for water resource management, stream ecology and fluvial geomorphology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于栅格空间信息定量化的湖南西部地区生态环境综合评价

以湖南西部地区为研究区域,采用遥感影像作为主要数据源,针对区域主要生态问题,利用栅格数据结构为主的数字环境模型,建立了生态环境质量综合评价模型. 对区域生态环境质量的空间分异格局进行了研究,通过将评价结果与数字高程模型迭加分析,研究了生态环境质量的垂直地带性分布规律,探索适合以山高坡陡为主要地貌特征的山区生态评价方法,结果显示,湖南西部地区生态环境综合指数呈正态分布,大部分地区环境质量属一般. 总体环境状况东南部好于西北部,河谷盆地优于山地. 研究表明,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术进行区域生态环境评价,具有数据采集快速、客观,评价和制图自动化,评价结果空间定位精度高,直观性与实用性强等优点.     

青藏高原各拉丹冬地区冰川变化的遥感监测

以位于青藏高原长江源头的各拉丹冬地区冰川为例, 利用2000年的TM数字遥感影像资料、 1969年的航空相片遥感资料、地形图及数字地形模型, 通过遥感图像处理和分析提取研究区小冰期最盛期(LIA)、 1969年和2000年的冰川范围, 并在地理信息系统技术支持下分析该地区冰川的进退情况. 研究结果表明, 该地区1969年冰川面积比小冰期最盛期的冰川面积减少了5.2%, 2000年的冰川面积比1969年的冰川面积减少了1.7%. 从1969年到2000年最大冰川退缩速度为-41.5 m*a-1, 最大冰川前进速度为+21.9 m*a-1. 本区的冰川基本处于稳定状态, 冰川退缩的速度不是太大, 并有前进的冰川存在.     

异珊瑚隔壁的排布系列

异珊瑚原始隔壁数目、后生隔壁的增生部位和方式以及隔壁的排布系列的研究，是探讨异珊瑚的起源、演化和分类的基本前提。通过对3隔壁的Triphyllia和4隔壁的Quadratphyllia二属的研究，结合生物体对称的原则，提出异珊瑚原始隔壁为2条，并认为异珊瑚的后生隔壁发育在原始隔壁所分隔的左右两侧部体腔内缘部位，长隔壁呈树枝状拓布或者末端达中心向某一方面扭曲连接形成轴管构造。依据后生隔壁在体腔内的繁生能力、增殖数量、发生部位、排布方式、分化程度、隔壁始端在外壁中的埋植类型和末端在中心部位的连接类型等方面的不同，异珊瑚隔壁增生大致可划分为7个布系列。     

变化中的地球所面临的挑战:全球变化的科学理解(英文)

简要介绍了变化中的地球所面临的挑战 ,并在描述地球系统科学近年来所取得成就的基础上给出了全球变化的科学理解。同时也简要介绍了世界正在面临的主要环境问题 ;描述了气候系统研究所达成的共识、面临的挑战及所取得的研究进展 ;并从大气、海洋和陆地间的CO2 交换、转换、不确定性等方面阐述了碳循环 ;然后 ,简单描述了全球水循环研究进展 ;最后 ,展望了在变化的地球中生存所要面临的挑战与机遇。     

浅议学科交叉与地球系统科学

以整体系统的观念认识地球 ,强化学科间的交叉与渗透 ,是 2 1世纪初地球科学发展的主题。各国都十分重视推动学科交叉研究 ,并将学科交叉分为Modidisciplinary、Interdisciplinary、Transdiscipli nary三个层次。地球系统科学的两大前沿为“地球系统的联系”和“地球系统的演化” ,2 1世纪地球科学的突破在于地球系统变化理论的形成。笔者指出 :目前 ,我们的观念还跟不上地球科学的发展 ,尤其是“学科交叉”的理念不强 ,缺乏地球系统科学的思维 ,但我们有开展地球系统科学研究的有利条件     

四阶△－∑过抽样电路原理及其在微弱地学信号检测中的应用

传统的测量电路无法解决诸如海底大地电磁场这样微弱地学信号的检测问题。近几年诞生了一种称之为△-∑的电路理论以及相应的硬件芯片，给微伏级的弱信号检测开辟一条新的技术路径。文章介绍与地学探测有关的一种△-∑电路类型，该类型以低频段微弱信号为检测对象。采用系统理论和电路分析方法对△-∑原理作了较深入的讨论，阐明这种电路技术对提高微弱信号观测的分辨率是有效的。结合海底大地电磁探测中的信号采集问题，介绍了在仪器中把多路的被测模拟量变为数字量的技术过程。经对实际采集的海底信息的频谱曲线进行分析，证实所采用的△-∑技术以及多路信号采集的电路方案是合理的。     

神头泉流量变化规律研究--灰色系统理论的具体应用

在分析神头泉流量衰减特征的前提下，利用灰色系统理论建立了描述神头泉流量变化规律的数学模型。以1985年为界，神头泉的流量变化过程可分为两个阶段，GM（1，1）模型与灰色预测校正模型则分别用于对这两个阶段的流量变化特征进行刻画。神头泉2000－2004年的流量预测值表明，在神头泉域保证90年代中期的高降水量和朔州市各地下水用户对泉域内的地下水不进行超采的基础上，神头泉的流量在未来的一段时间内会维持1993年以来的增长趋势。