Synchronising geometric representations for map mashups using relative positioning and Linked Data

Map mashups, as a common way of presenting geospatial information on the Web, are generally created by spatially overlaying thematic information on top of various base maps. This simple overlay approach often raises geometric deficiencies due to geometric uncertainties in the data. This issue is particularly apparent in a multi-scale context because the thematic data seldom have synchronised level of detail with the base map. In this study, we propose, develop, implement and evaluate a relative positioning approach based on shared geometries and relative coordinates to synchronise geometric representations for map mashups through several scales. To realise the relative positioning between datasets, we adopt a Linked Data–based technical framework in which the data are organised according to ontologies that are designed based on the GeoSPARQL vocabulary. A prototype system is developed to demonstrate the feasibility and usability of the relative positioning approach. The results show that the approach synchronises and integrates the geometries of thematic data and the base map effectively, and the thematic data are automatically tailored for multi-scale visualisation. The proposed framework can be used as a new way of modelling geospatial data on the Web, with merits in terms of both data visualisation and querying.     

"973"计划资源环境领域数据汇交进展与数据分析

国家科技计划项目数据汇交对于促进科学数据的整合集成,增强国家科技投入的效益,提高我国科技计划项目管理水平具有重要意义。经过充分研究,科技部基础司选择国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)资源环境领域作为试点,于2008年启动数据汇交工作,并专门成立数据汇交中心。2008年,按照数据汇交计划制定、数据汇交准备、数据实体汇交、数据共享服务4个阶段的工作流程,分"已结题"、"即将于2008年结题"和"在研"3种类型开展汇交工作,完成了24个结题项目的数据汇交,汇交数据总量超过620 GB。为了保证数据汇交的可操作性和规范化,数据汇交中心制定了包括核心元数据规范、数据文档格式等7项标准规范;研制了数据汇交软件工具;建立了海量数据存储环境;设计开发了数据汇交共享服务网络平台。面向数据服务进一步的需要,分析了已汇交数据情况,具体分为5种类型,即定点长期监测和野外定点调查类、区域调查和统计分析类、模型计算类、试验化验分析类、客观或主观描述类,并提出了相应的数据展示策略。     

Assessing spatial and attribute errors in large national datasets for population distribution models: a case study of Philadelphia county schools

Geospatial technologies and digital data have developed and disseminated rapidly in conjunction with increasing computing efficiency and Internet availability. The ability to store and transmit large datasets has encouraged the development of national infrastructure datasets in geospatial formats. National datasets are used by numerous agencies for analysis and modeling purposes because these datasets are standardized and considered to be of acceptable accuracy for national scale applications. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory a population model has been developed that incorporates national schools data as one of the model inputs. This paper evaluates spatial and attribute inaccuracies present within two national school datasets, Tele Atlas North America and National Center of Education Statistics (NCES). Schools are an important component of the population model, because they are spatially dense clusters of vulnerable populations. It is therefore essential to validate the quality of school input data. Schools were also chosen since a validated schools dataset was produced in geospatial format for Philadelphia County; thereby enabling a comparison between a local dataset and the national datasets. Analyses found the national datasets are not standardized and incomplete, containing 76 to 90 percent of existing schools. The temporal accuracy of updating annual enrollment values resulted in 89 percent inaccuracy for 2003. Spatial rectification was required for 87 percent of NCES points, of which 58 percent of the errors were attributed to the geocoding process. Lastly, it was found that by combining the two national datasets, the resultant dataset provided a more useful and accurate solution.     

GLDAS和CMIP5产品的中国土壤湿度-降水耦合分析及变化趋势

利用GLDAS同化产品和12个CMIP5模式的输出结果,从土壤湿度对降水影响的两个中间环节出发,通过分析陆面耦合指数ILH、潜热通量—抬升凝结高度耦合指数ILCL以及抬升凝结高度ZLCL间接研究中国区域土壤湿度与降水间耦合特征,并对1958~2013年及RCP4.5辐射强迫情景下50年(2006~2055年)的4个代表性区域夏季耦合强度的年代际变化特征进行分析。研究发现:1958~2013年期间,内蒙古阴山山脉附近、新疆和青海的部分地区为夏季中国土壤湿度与降水耦合的最强区域;陆面耦合指数ILH变化幅度从高到低依次出现在华北、华南、内蒙古中部和西北地区,并在20世纪70年代中到80年代中发生转折。2006~2055年的平均而言,预估内蒙古阴山山脉附近仍为耦合最强区;与历史时期(1958~2005年)比较,新疆中部和内蒙古阴山山脉附近的耦合指数ILH增大,而广西和广东地区的则减小;对于耦合指数ILH的年代际变化(2006~2055年),2026~2035年间华北最大而华南最小,西北地区变化不大,而内蒙古中部地区的耦合强度逐渐增大。     

丘陵地区边界层风廓线雷达数据统计特性分析

采用数据获取率来分析和评价风廓线雷达的探测能力, 对通过2012年的风廓线数据进行统计分析。结果表明:数据获取率和信噪比都随季节变化, 夏季探测能力大于冬季。按照数据获取率达到80%的要求, 确定边界层风廓线雷达无降雨天气有效探测高度为3 km, 并确定低模和高模最佳衔接高度为0.6 km, 能够获得更好的数据获取率。在无降雨天气, 信噪比随高度呈现对数函数单调递减的变化规律, 夏季信噪比的衰减程度比冬季大;在降雨天气, 信噪比随高度呈现一次函数的变化规律, 其斜率范围在-10.44~-2.47之间, 而夏季信噪比的衰减程度比冬季小。     

集合Kalman滤波同化理论及其数值试验

集合Kalman滤波用于数值试验有着坚实的理论基础.本文介绍了集合Kalman滤波理论及其技术实现, 在此基础上搭建了集合Kalman滤波同化系统, 用MM5模式同化了实测探空资料并作了48 h的预报试验, 并将预报结果与实测值及4D VAR同化的结果作了比较.试验结果表明: 集合Kalman滤波同化探空资料可以改进MM5模式的预报效果, 且集合Kalman滤波同化后模式的预报效果明显优于4D VAR同化后模式的预报效果.     

中国数字地震台网（CDSN）数据文件系统：—CDSN应用系列论文一

中国数字地震台网(CDSN)观测并生成的数字地震资料是开展数字地震学研究必不可少的高质量数据源。为了使科学家们更好地使用这些数据,本文主要从数字地震资料产生出的各个环节、数据结构与格式、数据物理量之间的换算向读者作概括的介绍.希望读者对数字化地震资料的数据文件、数据记录、数据字均能有透彻的理解,从而节省时间和精力,提高资料的使用率。     

肃南台水管倾斜仪试记资料的初步分析

对肃南台ＦＳＱ自记水管倾斜仪试记资料进行了分析,对建台后几个月的资料进行了处理,结果表明,其观测资料的内精度达到了现行观测规范的要求,记录的突跳异常与该台附近发生的几次中小地震有明显的对应关系,认为该台的是成功的,而且今后可能在甘肃西部祁连山中段的地震监测中发挥重要作用。     

The Ensemble Kalman Filter: theoretical formulation and practical implementation

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive presentation and interpretation of the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and its numerical implementation. The EnKF has a large user group, and numerous publications have discussed applications and theoretical aspects of it. This paper reviews the important results from these studies and also presents new ideas and alternative interpretations which further explain the success of the EnKF. In addition to providing the theoretical framework needed for using the EnKF, there is also a focus on the algorithmic formulation and optimal numerical implementation. A program listing is given for some of the key subroutines. The paper also touches upon specific issues such as the use of nonlinear measurements, in situ profiles of temperature and salinity, and data which are available with high frequency in time. An ensemble based optimal interpolation (EnOI) scheme is presented as a cost-effective approach which may serve as an alternative to the EnKF in some applications. A fairly extensive discussion is devoted to the use of time correlated model errors and the estimation of model bias.Responsible Editor: Jörg-Olaf Wolff     

前兆数据库备份软件开发与应用

根据实际工作中前兆数据库的备份,研究了数字化地震前兆数据库的自动备份方法,解决了日常数据库备份过程中影响数据访问、占用大量备份时间、容易出现备份失败等问题。主要介绍了前兆数据库自动冷备份软件功能设计和实现、开发流程、运行环境。该软件提高了数据库备份效率,方便数据库迁移,工作中该软件运行稳定,保证了备份数据的完整性和一致性。