Ground motion phenomena in Caltanissetta (Italy) investigated by InSAR and geological data integration

Urban areas are frequently affected by ground instabilities of various origins. The location of urban zones affected by ground instability phenomena is crucially important for hazard mitigation policies. Satellite-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has demonstrated its remarkable capability to detect and quantify ground and building motion in urban areas, especially since the development of Advanced Differential Interferometric SAR techniques (A-DInSAR). In fact, the high density of reflectors like buildings and infrastructures in urban areas improves the quality of the InSAR signal, allowing sub-centimetric displacements to be reliably detected. The A-DInSAR techniques allow urban zones affected by ground deformation to be located and mapped, but clearly they are not able to point out the causes of the instability phenomena. These can only be highlighted by an integrated analysis of multidisciplinary data, like geological, geotechnical, SAR interferometric and historical data. The overlay of these data, which is possible within a Geographic Information System (GIS), is a useful tool to identify ground motion phenomena affecting urban zones. In this study we apply this kind of approach to Caltanissetta, a provincial capital in Sicily (Italy), where local damage has been detected. The reconstruction of the local near-surface geology shows the presence of zones affected by local natural hazard factors, essentially due to the local presence of soils with poor mechanical properties or swelling soils, high topographic gradients and steep slopes on loose soils. Processing 17 ASAR-ENVISAT SAR images covering the time interval October 2002–December 2005 by means of an A-DInSAR procedure, the Caltanissetta deformation map has been realized. It shows that most of the city is stable, with the exception of three zones, situated in the northwestern, northeastern and southern parts of the city, respectively. Two of them, characterized by high topographic gradients and steep slopes on sandy soils, are affected by subsidence ground motion. An uplift motion is recognized in the other zone, characterized by the local presence of expansible clays. Geotechnical swelling tests carried out on them have shown a swelling behavior. On site surveys have highlighted the presence of damage in the zones affected by ground motion.     

融合多平台DInSAR数据解算拉奎拉地震三维同震形变场

针对单一平台DInSAR技术仅能获取雷达视线方向同震形变场的问题,根据雷达成像的几何条件,融合不同轨道、不同平台的DInSAR数据解算了拉奎拉地震的三维同震形变场。三维形变结果反映的拉奎拉地震发震断层的特征与地质调查的结果较吻合。将得到的三维形变场数据与该地区GPS观测站数据进行比较,结果表明,得到的拉奎拉地震的三维同震形变场比较可靠且精度较高。     

Advanced DInSAR analysis on mining areas: La Union case study (Murcia, SE Spain)

The town of La Union (SE, Spain) is located within a metal mining area that has been exploited since the Roman period. This historic exploitation has left behind a high concentration of abandoned underground mining galleries. Currently, an industrial area is subsiding due to the collapse of one of these galleries in May 1998. In this paper, an advanced Differential Interferometry SAR (DInSAR) method called the Coherent Pixels Technique (CPT) has been used to study the subsidence phenomena for two time intervals, from January 1998 to December 2000, and from March 2003 to December 2004. DInSAR-derived deformation maps have enabled the detection and monitoring of different deformation processes that affect several locations within the study area. By comparing these results with the underground mining galleries map, a clear relationship between their presence and the subsidence has been proved. Deformation values retrieved with DInSAR between April 2003 and December 2004 have been compared with the topographical leveling network measurements performed in this same period, providing an absolute average difference of 0.7 cm with a standard deviation of 0.5 cm. Results obtained in the city of La Union have shown that the advanced DInSAR technique is able to provide very useful spatial and temporal deformation data for the measurement of small scale subsidence throughout short time periods. This technique has enabled the temporal evolution of the phenomena in the city of La Unión to be studied and understanding of subsidence to be expanded beyond the limits of a deployed topographical control network, in a more cost effective way than classical methods.     

Identification of potential subsidence related to pumping in the Almería basin (SE Spain)

Ground subsidence of detrital deposits in the Almería basin (SE Spain) was studied using the remote sensing technique of Differential Interferometry SAR (DInSAR). This basin is one of the most arid in Europe, receiving an average rainfall of 250 mm per year. Over the last 60 years the region has experienced an enormous agricultural and urban expansion, whose water demand has been largely supplied from groundwater, leading to the current situation of overexploitation of water resources. This paper outlines the likely relationship between groundwater abstraction and subsidence. To this end, 34 ERS and Envisat images, taken between 2003 and 2009, were analysed to estimate ground surface deformations, and hence, compared with water table variations measured in a number of piezometers in the basin. The analysis shows a clear parallelism between the variations in piezometric level and deformation of the ground surface. In addition, the zones of greatest subsidence coincide with those areas where groundwater abstractions are concentrated. Subsidence over the examined period varies from 10 to 30 mm, with extreme values as high as 50 mm, which translates to a rate of between 1·7 and 5 mm/year, reaching maximum rates of 8 mm/year at some points. Given such subsidence rates, damage to urban infrastructures are, for the moment, incipient. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

卫星雷达干涉测量原理与应用

本文综述卫星雷达干涉测量和差分干涉测量的基本原理及其应用。文章从比较雷达干涉测量与一般航测遥感的基本差别出发 ,介绍各种干涉模式下的雷达干涉测量原理、差分干涉测量原理和数据处理流程。在简要叙述雷达干涉测量应用领域后 ,重点列出 INSAR在地形测量、火山地形测量和 D- INSAR在地形沉降监测中的应用。最后 ,本文还探讨了存在的问题和应用前景。     

雷达干涉测量在地震形变研究中的应用

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(DInSAR)以厘米乃至毫米的精度和很大的空间覆盖范围实现地表形变观测,它是进行地壳形变观测的重要手段,在地震形变研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文首先简要给出了微波雷达测量的特征,阐述了雷达图像数据处理的基本方法,分析了InSAR技术的主要影响因素和观测精度。结合较新的研究成果,分析了雷达遥感图像研究地震形变的方法,讨论了DInSAR在震间、同震和震后形变观测研究中的最新进展。同时讨论了目前我国应用DInSAR研究地震形变中面临的主要问题,最后阐述了应用雷达干涉测量研究地震形变的发展趋势。     

基于CORS的DInSAR大气延迟校正方法研究

针对利用GPS数据改正DInSAR大气延迟误差中存在CORS站点稀疏的问题,给出一种广义曲面拟合插值模型,并基于北京地区的GPS观测数据和SAR影像对比较了反距离加权插值模型（IDW）和曲面拟合插值模型（CSF）用于区域对流层延迟建模的精度,然后对SAR差分干涉图进行大气延迟校正。结果表明,曲面拟合模型比反距离加权模型更能反映区域单差对流层延迟特性,两次实验的插值精度分别达到了7.1和3.5 mm。采用CORS观测数据和曲面拟合内插模型,可有效削弱DInSAR中的大气延迟误差,提高DInSAR测量结果的精度。     

基于差分干涉与GPS测量的夏威夷基拉韦厄火山形变监测

利用欧空局ENVISAT-ASAR影像数据,提取夏威夷基拉韦厄火山区域由2007-06-17～19小规模火山喷发引起的地表形变场,并结合GPS时间序列分析喷发前后形变特征。结果表明,此次小规模喷发造成Makaopuhi火山口附近发生明显地表形变,LOS向形变值最大超过30 cm。将研究区内同期GPS观测值投影至LOS方向,其结果与差分干涉所得形变量具有较高的一致性,均方根误差为1.8 cm。     

百年煤城地表沉降融合PS/SBAS InSAR监测——以徐州市为例

融合PS/SBAS算法成为当前InSAR技术的研究热点,本文通过融合PS/SBAS的优势,利用128景ALOS PALSAR影像和24景Radarsat-2影像获取了百年煤城徐州地区2007-2015年的地表形变场及变化趋势。试验结果表明：①2007-2011年,徐州主要有4个沉降区,分布在沛县、丰县、铜山区和贾汪区。②2012-2015年,沛县、丰县和铜山区地表沉降范围有所扩大;贾汪区地表沉降范围和速率明显减小,说明近年来贾汪区重点治理采矿塌陷工作已初步见效;另外,睢宁县县城出现明显沉降。③已有文献对沛县大屯中心区的沉降监测结果验证了试验结果是可靠的。④首次提取了徐州近8年间地表沉降的信息,可为该地区开展地表沉降调查监测与防治工作提供参考;试验方法可为全国开展地表沉降调查监测工作提供参考。     

基于Sentinel-1A数据反演漾濞MS6.4地震的同震形变场及断层几何参数

2021年5月21日晚21时48分,云南省大理州漾濞县(震中:25.67°N,99.87°E)发生M_S6.4地震,震源深度8 km。为快速获得此次地震同震形变场及断层几何参数,研究该次地震的发震构造等,文章基于震前、震后的sentinel-1A卫星升降轨SAR数据进行二轨法差分雷达干涉测量(DInSAR),并基于Okada弹性半空间位错模型反演断层几何参数。研究结果如下:(1)此次地震造成的同震形变场长约19 km,宽约20 km;(2)升轨雷达视线向最大形变约为8.2 cm,降轨雷达视线向最大形变约为8.7 cm;(3)地震断层走向为313.7°,倾角为87°,滑动角为175°,为右旋走滑型断层,最大滑动量为0.79 m,反演得出的地震矩为1.48×10~(18) N·m,矩震级为M_W6.1。在川滇块体向南挤出的构造背景下,块体西边界的维西—乔后断裂、红河断裂发生右旋走滑,本次地震便是维西—乔后断裂南段分支断裂右旋走滑活动的体现。