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DInSAR技术对地震同震形变场的研究

合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（DInSAR）可用于监测厘米级或更微小的地表形变,以揭示许多物理现象,如地震形变、火山运动、大气变化、冰川漂移、地面沉降以及山体滑坡等。DInSAR作为一种新型的空间对地观测技术,具有不受时间和空间的限制、对地物具有一定的穿透性等传统测量所不可比拟的优势,已得到较为广泛的应用。简要介绍DInSAR技术的基本原理及其处理流程,以Barn地震为例提取Bam地震的同震形变场。     

Integrating geotechnical and SAR data for the monitoring of underground works in the Madrid urban area: Application of the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry technique

The Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) is a powerful deformation control technique for civil engineering applications. However, the performance definition and limitations of the technique in tunneling works are far from being standardized. This work presents a thorough validation effort of the applicability of the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique to the Madrid’s M-30 tunneling works. A set of 26 Envisat images, covering from August 2003 to April 2008, were processed with two PSI techniques and the results were validated with on-ground measurements from leveling benchmarks and strips. The comparison of the deformations of more than 1500 control points has led to a global deformation difference of 2.6 mm RMS and 3.5 mm RMS with a coverage of the area of interest with persistent scatterers of 65% and 34% for the two PSI algorithms used. The limitations of the PSI technique when using SAR missions with low revisit time were shown. PSI has proven the potential to complement on ground monitoring techniques in tunneling works as soon as the limitations are overcome.     

多视角InSAR数据解算2017两伊地震三维同震形变场

2017两伊地震是自1900年以来发生在扎格罗斯山脉的最大地震,为了研究此次地震引起的同震形变场,利用覆盖同一地区的3对Sentinel-1A升降轨数据分别进行两通差分DInSAR处理,得到了研究区3个视线向的地表同震形变场,通过直接解算法重建了研究区的三维同震形变场。试验表明：3种视角的升降轨视线向上升与沉降总体趋势基本一致;联合多个视角的观测结果可以实现三维形变场的重建;根据地表视线向和三维同震形变的特征以及地质构造背景推测了发震断层很有可能为扎格罗斯山前断层。     

Validation and comparison of Advanced Differential Interferometry Techniques: Murcia metropolitan area case study

This paper is focused on the analysis of the performance of Stable Point Network (SPN) and Coherent Pixel Technique (CPT), which are Advanced Differential Interferometry Techniques (A-DInSAR) that estimate, among other results, mean deformation velocity maps of the ground surface and displacement time series from a SAR dataset. The test site is the metropolitan area of the city of Murcia (Spain) where a moderate slow subsidence induced by the overexploitation of aquifers is present. SAR data acquired between July 1995 and August 2005 from ERS and ENVISAT sensors have been processed by the SPN and CPT techniques and compared with in situ instrumental measurements assumed as reference. Experimental results have shown that both SPN and CPT techniques provide estimates of the deformation evolution in time with an absolute difference below 6 mm consistently in all comparisons: SPN vs extensometer, CPT vs extensometer and SPN vs CPT. The proposed validation and comparison experiment between both A-DInSAR techniques has been useful to observe their differences and complementarities.     

永久散射体雷达差分干涉应用于区域地表沉降探测

永久散射体干涉测量技术可以克服常规干涉方法在区域地表形变测量中的雷达信号失相关和大气延迟影响. 本文对基于永久散射体的干涉处理全过程进行了分析, 基于差分相位的两个主要特性: 沉降信号时序相关、地形相位与空间基线成比例, 提出构建PS网络, 并采用间接观测平差法估计沉降速度网和高程修正网的全局最优解. 实验选取上海地区近10年间的ERS-1/2卫星C波段SAR数据进行干涉处理, 在永久散射体上分离形变信号、高程修正和大气分量, 并最终提取上海地区高分辨率地面沉降速度场, PS结果与地面精密观测成果吻合较好.     

PS技术及其在地表形变监测中的应用现状与发展

合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（InSAR）为地表形变监测提供了极具应用潜力的手段,具有大面积、高空间分辨率、全天候及成本低的优点。但由于大气条件变化、地表覆被等时间空间去相干的影响,其精度和普适性受到极大限制。 近几年发展的永久散射体（PS）技术在传统差分干涉测量（DInSAR）中引入时间维,分析长时间内保持稳定的像元集相位变化,获得毫米级的地表形变测量精度,同时有效地解决了时间空间去相关和大气非均质性影响的问题,目前在滑坡、地面沉降和地质灾害监测等领域得到了广泛的应用。PS技术具有高精度、高时间分辨率、能极大提高影像利用率的优点;但只适用较小区域、需要大量影像、且不适于分析快速突变的地表形变。为克服PS应用中的问题,近年来出现了三角反射体技术、多平台PS技术及相关性像元分析（CPT）技术,使PS技术应用具有更广泛的适应性。     

荣县地震InSAR同震与时间序列形变初步分析

借助Sentinel-1A卫星升降轨数据，利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量(DInSAR)和Okada均匀滑动模型反演获得四川荣县地区三维同震形变场及荣县地震震源参数。结果表明，此次地震造成的断裂现象大体沿NS向，两侧沉降区域中间伴随抬升现象，最大垂直形变量约18 mm；荣县地震发震断层符合逆断层特性，断层长约9.5 km，宽约2.1 km。采用时间序列分析技术获取该地区2018-11～2019-03各时间段的累计形变，结果发现，该区域在震前形变波动较小，地震是造成累计形变较大的主要原因，震后地表变化趋于稳定。     

基于Sentinel-1A数据反演漾濞MS6.4地震的同震形变场及断层几何参数

2021年5月21日晚21时48分,云南省大理州漾濞县(震中:25.67°N,99.87°E)发生M_S6.4地震,震源深度8 km。为快速获得此次地震同震形变场及断层几何参数,研究该次地震的发震构造等,文章基于震前、震后的sentinel-1A卫星升降轨SAR数据进行二轨法差分雷达干涉测量(DInSAR),并基于Okada弹性半空间位错模型反演断层几何参数。研究结果如下:(1)此次地震造成的同震形变场长约19 km,宽约20 km;(2)升轨雷达视线向最大形变约为8.2 cm,降轨雷达视线向最大形变约为8.7 cm;(3)地震断层走向为313.7°,倾角为87°,滑动角为175°,为右旋走滑型断层,最大滑动量为0.79 m,反演得出的地震矩为1.48×10~(18) N·m,矩震级为M_W6.1。在川滇块体向南挤出的构造背景下,块体西边界的维西—乔后断裂、红河断裂发生右旋走滑,本次地震便是维西—乔后断裂南段分支断裂右旋走滑活动的体现。     

Advanced differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar techniques for deformation monitoring: a review on sensors and recent research development

This paper reviews the advanced differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (A-DInSAR) techniques, with two major components in focus. First is the basic concepts, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data sources and the different algorithms documented in the literature, primarily focusing on persistent scatterers. In the second part, the techniques are compared in order to establish more linkage in terms of the variability of their applications, strength and validation of the interpreted results. Also, current issues in sensor and algorithm development are discussed. The study identified six existing A-DInSAR algorithms used for monitoring various deformation types. Generally, reports of their performance indicate that all the techniques are capable of measuring deformation phenomena at varying spatial resolution with high level of accuracy. However, their usability in suburban and vegetated areas yields poor results, compared to urbanized areas, due to inadequate permanent features that could provide sufficient coherent point targets. Meanwhile, there is continuous development in sensors and algorithms to expand the applicability domain of the technology for a wide range of deformable surfaces and displacement patterns with higher precision. On the sensor side, most of the latest SAR sensors employ longer wavelength (X and P bands) to increase the penetrating power of the signal and two other sensors (ALOS-2 PALSA-2 and SENTINEL-1) are scheduled to be launched in 2013. Researchers are investigating the possibility of using single-pass sensors with different look angles for SAR data collection. With these, it is expected that more data will be available for various applications. Algorithms such as corner reflector interferometry SAR, along track interferometry, liqui-InSAR, and squeeSAR are emerging to increase reliable estimation of deformation from different surfaces.