全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3701篇 |
免费 | 426篇 |
国内免费 | 491篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1274篇 |
大气科学 | 299篇 |
地球物理 | 581篇 |
地质学 | 1118篇 |
海洋学 | 294篇 |
天文学 | 61篇 |
综合类 | 334篇 |
自然地理 | 657篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 16篇 |
2023年 | 49篇 |
2022年 | 127篇 |
2021年 | 163篇 |
2020年 | 202篇 |
2019年 | 204篇 |
2018年 | 138篇 |
2017年 | 209篇 |
2016年 | 182篇 |
2015年 | 194篇 |
2014年 | 170篇 |
2013年 | 254篇 |
2012年 | 204篇 |
2011年 | 205篇 |
2010年 | 151篇 |
2009年 | 190篇 |
2008年 | 209篇 |
2007年 | 239篇 |
2006年 | 216篇 |
2005年 | 147篇 |
2004年 | 139篇 |
2003年 | 135篇 |
2002年 | 112篇 |
2001年 | 86篇 |
2000年 | 87篇 |
1999年 | 81篇 |
1998年 | 77篇 |
1997年 | 69篇 |
1996年 | 58篇 |
1995年 | 44篇 |
1994年 | 51篇 |
1993年 | 47篇 |
1992年 | 36篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 21篇 |
1989年 | 21篇 |
1988年 | 15篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有4618条查询结果,搜索用时 972 毫秒
141.
142.
143.
为了达到快速、准确、可靠的围岩分类,有效指导隧道施工,在充分研究和吸取国内外有关围岩分类的经验和成果基础上,针对隧道施工期间的围岩类别鉴定方法,提出了一种可用于隧道施工期间围岩类别鉴定的快速分类方法,该方法以定量与定性相结合、多专家评分的方式在开挖掌子面现场进行观察、量测及评价,无需复杂试验或测量以及繁杂计算,可迅速得出评价结果。为了更加全面地反映隧道围岩情况,准确评价围岩工程性质,结合目前国际上流行的Q分类系统,在富溪隧道第一手实测资料的基础上,根据快速分类结果和Q指标分类结果对富溪隧道围岩条件进行综合评价,为其隧道施工提供了合理的支护参数。 相似文献
144.
Coastal and estuarine habitat mapping, using LIDAR height and intensity and multi-spectral imagery 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Guillem Chust Ibon Galparsoro ngel Borja Javier Franco Adolfo Uriarte 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,78(4):633-643
The airborne laser scanning LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) provides high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM) that have been applied recently to the characterization, quantification and monitoring of coastal environments. This study assesses the contribution of LIDAR altimetry and intensity data, topographically-derived features (slope and aspect), and multi-spectral imagery (three visible and a near-infrared band), to map coastal habitats in the Bidasoa estuary and its adjacent coastal area (Basque Country, northern Spain). The performance of high-resolution data sources was individually and jointly tested, with the maximum likelihood algorithm classifier in a rocky shore and a wetland zone; thus, including some of the most extended Cantabrian Sea littoral habitats, within the Bay of Biscay. The results show that reliability of coastal habitat classification was more enhanced with LIDAR-based DTM, compared with the other data sources: slope, aspect, intensity or near-infrared band. The addition of the DTM, to the three visible bands, produced gains of between 10% and 27% in the agreement measures, between the mapped and validation data (i.e. mean producer's and user's accuracy) for the two test sites. Raw LIDAR intensity images are only of limited value here, since they appeared heterogeneous and speckled. However, the enhanced Lee smoothing filter, applied to the LIDAR intensity, improved the overall accuracy measurements of the habitat classification, especially in the wetland zone; here, there were gains up to 7.9% in mean producer's and 11.6% in mean user's accuracy. This suggests that LIDAR can be useful for habitat mapping, when few data sources are available. The synergy between the LIDAR data, with multi-spectral bands, produced high accurate classifications (mean producer's accuracy: 92% for the 16 rocky habitats and 88% for the 11 wetland habitats). Fusion of the data enabled discrimination of intertidal communities, such as Corallina elongata, barnacles (Chthamalus spp.), and stands of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis, which presented misclassification when conventional visible bands were used alone. All of these results were corroborated by the kappa coefficient of agreement. The high classification accuracy found here, selecting data sources, highlights the value of integrating LIDAR data with multi-spectral imagery for habitat mapping in the intertidal complex fringe. 相似文献
145.
The relationship between acoustic backscatter, sediment characteristics and benthic habitat is examined using high-resolution sidescan sonar data collected at the Loch Linnhe artificial reef site on the west coast of Scotland. The site is typical for the continental shelf of NW Europe, with a mix of seabed environments from muddy to coarse, stony substrata on a 10–100 m length scale. A sidescan sonar mosaic was produced and classified according to derived backscatter parameters (mean, median and standard deviation of the backscatter values) using an unsupervised classification procedure. The accuracy of the final classified map was assessed by comparison with a ground-truthing survey in which the biological habitat was derived from underwater video footage. The sidescan correctly predicted seabed surface characteristics of observed biological habitat with 78% accuracy. A second, and more challenging test of the acoustic data to correctly predict biological habitat was made by comparing it with data from 21 grab sampling stations. These stations were divided into three groups using multivariate statistical techniques based on their backscatter properties. Benthic assemblage structure was found to be significantly distinct between the high and low, and the medium and low backscatter stations. There was a low to moderate but significant correlation between the multivariate patterns of acoustic backscatter, benthic assemblage structure, and particle size distribution. The work shows that even in areas with subtle and gradational changes in substratum, the sidescan was able to predict biological community with an acceptable accuracy. 相似文献
146.
147.
给出海洋工程的概念和定义,对海洋工程污染的分类和研究现状进行了讨论。从海洋工程污染的工程特征要素、污染特征要素、程度要素和管理要素进行了分类研究,认为海洋工程污染的分类,可按其工程特征要素,对其进行离海岸的远近、离海底的高度、使用材质、移动与否等分类;可按其工程污染要素,对其进行化学污染、物理污染、生物损害、地质损害与污染等分类;可按其工程污染影响的深度特征要素,对其进行重度影响、中度影响和轻度影响分类;可按其工程污染的管理角度,对其进行海洋工程和海岸工程的分类。 相似文献
148.
??TOPEX/Poseidon????????????Χ???????ν??з??????ó?????:?????????????Χ???????????ε?????;????????????????????ζ??????????,????????????????????????????????????????????? 相似文献
149.
基于影像多种特征的决策树分类方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
阐述了决策树分类CART算法原理,将纹理信息、NDVI指数引入决策树方法对影像进行分类,并将分类结果与最大似然分类结果进行比较,研究表明决策树分类方法相对传统分类方法总体精度提高了8.9148%,Kappa系数提高了0.1074。 相似文献
150.
对《土地利用现状分类》中有关问题的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
张盈 《测绘与空间地理信息》2009,32(3):220-221
按照土地的属性、利用方式和覆盖特征,结合土地利用特点,对土地利用现状分类含义进行了深入的研究,认为部分土地分类的含义值得商榷,并提出了解决问题的途径. 相似文献