Comparison of Methods for Evaluating the Forage-livestock Balance of Alpine Grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau

Livestock grazing is one of primary way to use grasslands throughout the world, and the forage-livestock balance of grasslands is a core issue determining animal husbandry sustainability. However, there are few methods for assessing the forage-livestock balance and none of those consider the dynamics of external abiotic factors that influence forage yields. In this study, we combine long-term field observations with remote sensing data and meteorological records of temperature and precipitation to quantify the impacts of climate change and human activities on the forage-livestock balance of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau for the years 2000 to 2016. We developed two methods: one is statical method based on equilibrium theory and the other is dynamic method based on non-equilibrium theory. We also examined the uncertainties and shortcomings of using these two methods as a basis for formulating policies for sustainable grassland management. Our results from the statical method showed severe overgrazing in the grasslands of all counties observed except Nyima (including Shuanghu) for the entire period from 2000 to 2016. In contrast, the results from the dynamic method showed overgrazing in only eight years of the study period 2000-2016, while in the other nine years alpine grasslands throughout the northern Tibetan Plateau were less grazed and had forage surpluses. Additionally, the dynamic method found that the alpine grasslands of counties in the northeastern and southwestern areas of the northern Tibetan Plateau were overgrazed, and that alpine grasslands in the central area of the plateau were less grazed with forage surpluses. The latter finding is consistent with field surveys. Therefore, we suggest that the dynamic method is more appropriate for assessment of forage-livestock management efforts in alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau. However, the statical method is still recommended for assessments of alpine grasslands profoundly disturbed by irrational human activities.     

几种甘草（Glycyrrhiza）光合特性、形态特征及生物量比较

采用TPS-2型光合测定仪对乌拉尔甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）、胀果甘草（G.inflata）、刺果甘草（G.pallidiflora）、光果甘草（G.glabra）和黄甘草（G.eurycarpa）栽培植株上部叶片光合日变化特征进行研究,对光合色素、形态和生物量进行测定和分析,并比较上述指标的种间差异,为甘草栽培技术和综合利用模式提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）各种的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用率和气孔导度日变化均呈“双峰”型,峰值分别出现于12：00和16：00,14：00存在明显的光合“午休”现象;叶片细胞间隙CO₂浓度日变化均呈“W”型,峰值分别出现于08：00、14：00和18：00,低谷出现于12：00和16：00;叶片温度日变化均呈“倒V”型,峰值出现于14：00,低值出现于08：00和18：00;且各种上述指标存在不同程度的差异性。（2）各种的叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素总量和叶绿素a含量/叶绿素b含量大小各不相同,其中叶绿素a含量存在种间显著差异。（3）各种的主茎分枝数、叶片数、主茎高、主根长、地上部分干重、地下部分干重及总生物量存在一定的差异性。（4）净光合速率日均值与气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、叶面温度日均值和叶绿素a含量正相关,相关系数分别为0.984、0.977、0.927、0.909和0.933,与胞间CO₂浓度负相关,相关系数为-0.972。乌拉尔甘草具有较高的光合性能和经济产量,适于在该区大规模推广栽培;胀果甘草、光果甘草和刺果甘草总生物量较大,除地下部分药用外,应加强对其地上部分的开发利用;黄甘草光合性能、经济产量和总生物量均显著低于其他种,但地上部分鲜嫩,建议对其加强畜牧业方面的开发利用。     

Multi-Data Approach for remote sensing-based regional crop rotation mapping: A case study for the Rur catchment,Germany

Spatial land use information is one of the key input parameters for regional agro-ecosystem modeling. Furthermore, to assess the crop-specific management in a spatio-temporal context accurately, parcel-related crop rotation information is additionally needed. Such data is scarcely available for a regional scale, so that only modeled crop rotations can be incorporated instead. However, the spectrum of the occurring multiannual land use patterns on arable land remains unknown. Thus, this contribution focuses on the mapping of the actually practiced crop rotations in the Rur catchment, located in the western part of Germany. We addressed this by combining multitemporal multispectral remote sensing data, ancillary information and expert-knowledge on crop phenology in a GIS-based Multi-Data Approach (MDA). At first, a methodology for the enhanced differentiation of the major crop types on an annual basis was developed. Key aspects are (i) the usage of physical block data to separate arable land from other land use types, (ii) the classification of remote sensing scenes of specific time periods, which are most favorable for the differentiation of certain crop types, and (iii) the combination of the multitemporal classification results in a sequential analysis strategy. Annual crop maps of eight consecutive years (2008–2015) were combined to a crop sequence dataset to have a profound data basis for the mapping of crop rotations. In most years, the remote sensing data basis was highly fragmented. Nevertheless, our method enabled satisfying crop mapping results. As an example for the annual crop mapping workflow, the procedure and the result of 2015 are illustrated. For the generation of the crop sequence dataset, the eight annual crop maps were geometrically smoothened and integrated into a single vector data layer. The resulting dataset informs about the occurring crop sequence for individual areas on arable land, so that crop rotation schemes can be derived. The resulting dataset reveals that the spectrum of the practiced crop rotations is extremely heterogeneous and contains a large amount of crop sequences, which strongly diverge from model crop rotations. Consequently, the integration of remote sensing-based crop rotation data can considerably reduce uncertainties regarding the management in regional agro-ecosystem modeling. Finally, the developed methods and the results are discussed in detail.     

北方荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量空间分布特征

 北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量的空间分布特征对揭示中国陆地生态系统的碳储量具有重要意义,同时对于了解区域尺度上畜牧业发展潜力、生物多样性现状、以及生态系统稳定性具有一定的作用。利用北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区144个草地样点的植被地上生物量数据,分析地上生物量的空间分布特征及其与多年平均降水量、多年平均温度、海拔高度等环境因素的相关关系。结果表明,北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地单位面积地上生物量的空间分布高度异质,在5.5~371.2 g·m-2之间波动,平均地上生物量为83.3 g·m-2。北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量在经向和纬向上的分布均有明显的规律性。相关分析显示,植被地上生物量与纬度之间呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.05),与经度之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.001)。草地地上生物量与年降水量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.001),但和海拔高度、年平均温度之间无显著相关性,这意味着水分条件是导致北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量空间分异的重要因素。     

阜康绿洲生态系统生物量空间格局分析

 利用阜康绿洲平原地区于2003年8月,在野外实测的53个样方植物的生物量干重数据与同期陆地卫星MODIS影像的第1,2通道250 m遥感数据,通过分析植被指数NDVI与绿洲植被生物量的相关关系,进而建立该遥感植被指数与植被生物量的一元线性和非线性回归模型。研究表明:植被指数NDVI与绿洲生态系统植被生物量之间存在较好的相关性;所建遥感植被指数与绿洲植被生物量的回归模型中,三次方程为所得到的非线性回归模型中最适合用于阜康绿洲生态系统植物生物量和生长的监测;并利用该模型进行分析同年4~9月研究区内植物生物量的时空间分布,并得出阜康绿洲生态系统植物生物量的时空分布特征。总体格局是:绿洲内部农业生态系统的生物量时空特征变化是十分的明显,生物量的增长从5月底至8月;且于7月、8月生物量达到旺盛时期;随后开始呈下降趋势;荒漠植物群落生物量时空特征有一定程度的变化但表现不明显,且荒漠植物生物量的变化在时空上是非同步性。这都是由于在整个生长季节内不同植物群落的生长发育表现不同的时间,和荒漠植物在时间上表现出不同物候导致的。同时分析了绿洲生态系统植物生物量的时空分布特征及相关影响生物量的多种因素。     

荒漠草地4种灌木生物量分配特征

生物量是植物积累能量的主要体现,其在各器官中的分配是植物对环境适应的结果,反映了植物的生长策略。生物量分配会影响不同碳库之间的碳周转,进而影响陆地生态系统碳循环。选取腾格里沙漠东南缘荒漠草地的4种优势灌木种,采用全挖法在个体水平上研究了各器官的生物量以及地下-地上生物量关系(根冠比R/S),试图揭示生物量在各器官中以及地下-地上的分配格局。结果表明:不同物种生物量在地上部分各器官中的分配策略不同;R/S也不相同,其中红砂（Reaumuria soongarica）最大(中值为0.972),珍珠（Salsola passerina） (中值为0.744）和驼绒藜（Ceratoides latens）(中值为0.670)次之,盐爪爪（Kalidium foliatum）最小(中值为0.179),这表明4种灌木具有各自独特的生长策略。随着灌木的生长,冠幅和生物量不断增大,R/S呈下降趋势,说明植物在开始生长阶段对限制性的水分和养分可能有更高的竞争需求。4种灌木的根系分布在不同种间也存在差异,盐爪爪根系较浅(主要分布在0～30 cm土层),其次是珍珠（主要分布在0～50 cm土层),驼绒藜和红砂的根系分布较深(主要分布在0～70 cm土层)。驼绒藜、红砂和珍珠的地下-地上生物量分配模式支持等速生长假说,而盐爪爪的地下-地上生物量分配模式则不支持该假说。4种灌木的地上生物量与地下生物量(经对数转换)均呈极显著的线性相关关系(p<0.001),决定系数介于0.81~0.93之间,这一相关关系可以应用于对荒漠草地地下生物量的估算。本结果有助于进一步研究荒漠生态系统的生物量分配格局和碳循环。     

Carbon pools in an arid shrubland in Chile under natural and afforested conditions

The pattern of carbon (C) allocation among the different pools is an important ecosystem structural feature, which can be modified as a result of changes in environmental conditions that can occur gradually (e.g., climatic change) or abruptly (e.g., management practices). This study quantified the C pools of plant biomass, litter and soil in an arid shrubland in Chile, comparing the natural condition (moderately disturbed by grazing) vs. the afforested condition (two-year-old plantation with Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl.), each represented by a 60 ha plot. To estimate plant biomass, allometric functions were constructed for the four dominant woody species, based on the volume according to their shape, which showed high correlation (R² > 0.73). The soil was the largest C pool in both natural and afforested conditions (89% and 94%, respectively) and was significantly lower in the afforested than natural condition at all five soil depths. The natural condition had in total 36.5 ton (t) C ha⁻¹ compared to 21.1 t C ha⁻¹ in the afforested condition, mainly due to C loss during soil preparation, prior to plantation of A. saligna. These measurements serve as an important baseline to assess long-term effects of afforestation on ecosystem C pools.     

正压原始方程的谱和初值问题的解I：＝常数

本文运用Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换法和围道积分法分析线性化的正压原始方程组的谱问题。通过严格的数学推演从形式上给出了方程组的初值问题的解，从而原则上决定了连续谱、离散谱的出现条件。与已有的研究结果相比较，本文最大的特点是保证了了解的完备性，因而相应的展开定理便是自然的了。     

Mass‐balance modeling of mineral weathering rates and CO2 consumption in the forested,metabasaltic Hauver Branch watershed,Catoctin Mountain,Maryland, USA

Mineral weathering rates and a forest macronutrient uptake stoichiometry were determined for the forested, metabasaltic Hauver Branch watershed in north‐central Maryland, USA. Previous studies of Hauver Branch have had an insufficient number of analytes to permit determination of rates of all the minerals involved in chemical weathering, including biomass. More equations in the mass‐balance matrix were added using existing mineralogic information. The stoichiometry of a deciduous biomass term was determined using multi‐year weekly to biweekly stream‐water chemistry for a nearby watershed, which drains relatively unreactive quartzite bedrock. At Hauver Branch, calcite hosts ~38 mol% of the calcium ion (Ca²⁺) contained in weathering minerals, but its weathering provides ~90% of the stream water Ca²⁺. This occurs in a landscape with a regolith residence time of more than several Ka (kiloannum). Previous studies indicate that such old regolith does not typically contain dissolving calcite that affects stream Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios. The relatively high calcite dissolution rate likely reflects dissolution of calcite in fractures of the deep critical zone. Of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) consumed by mineral weathering, calcite is responsible for approximately 27%, with the silicate weathering consumption rate far exceeding that of the global average. The chemical weathering of mafic terrains in decaying orogens thus may be capable of influencing global geochemical cycles, and therefore, climate, on geological timescales. Based on carbon‐balance calculations, atmospheric‐derived sulfuric acid is responsible for approximately 22% of the mineral weathering occurring in the watershed. Our results suggest that rising air temperatures, driven by global warming and resulting in higher precipitation, will cause the rate of chemical weathering in the Hauver Branch watershed to increase until a threshold temperature is reached. Beyond the threshold temperature, increased recharge would produce a shallower groundwater table and reduced chemical weathering rates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2005-2013年中国新增造林植被生物量碳库固碳潜力分析

本文利用2005-2013年林业统计年鉴中每个省市新造林面积和遥感分类提取得到的2010年土地覆被类型,结合公开发表的各类森林生长方程和各个时期的森林存活率,估算了中国新造林在2005-2100年生物量碳库变化及其固碳潜力。结果表明：2005-2013年中国新造林面积达到4394×10⁴ hm²,在自然生长状况下,到2020年新造林蓄积量增加16.8亿m³,生物量增加1.6 Pg,生物量碳库0.76 Pg C;新造林生物量碳库在2005-2100年中将增加2.11 Pg C,相当于目前现有森林生物量碳库的25%,约是过去20年森林总碳汇的1.5倍;新造林生物量碳密度逐年增加,最高达到48.1 Mg/hm²。整合林业统计年鉴以及遥感解译的森林类型对新造林生物量固碳潜力分析,研究表明新造林具有较大的碳汇潜力,对中国现有森林碳汇平衡有重要贡献。