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31.
M. S. Wheatland 《Solar physics》2007,245(2):251-262
Improvements to an existing method for calculating nonlinear force-free magnetic fields (Wheatland, Solar Phys. 238, 29, 2006) are described. In particular a solution of the 3-D Poisson equation using 2-D Fourier transforms is presented. The improved
nonlinear force-free method is demonstrated in application to linear force-free test cases with localized nonzero values of
the normal component of the field in the boundary. These fields provide suitable test cases for nonlinear force-free calculations
because the boundary conditions involve localized nonzero values of the normal components of the field and of the current
density, and because (being linear force-free fields) they have more direct numerical solutions. Despite their simplicity,
fields of this kind have not been recognized as test cases for nonlinear methods before. The examples illustrate the treatment
of the boundary conditions on current in the nonlinear force-free method, and in particular the limitations imposed by field
lines that connect outside of the boundary region. 相似文献
32.
33.
We develop an approach to deriving the three-dimensional non-force-free coronal magnetic field from vector magnetograms. Based
on the principle of minimum dissipation rate, a general non-force-free magnetic field is expressed as the superposition of
one potential field and two constant-α (linear) force-free fields. Each is extrapolated from its bottom boundary data, providing the normal component only. The
constant-α parameters are distinct and determined by minimizing the deviations between the numerically computed and measured transverse
magnetic field at the bottom boundary. The boundary conditions required are at least two layers of vector magnetograms, one
at the photospheric level and the other at the chromospheric level, presumably. We apply our approach to a few analytic test
cases, especially to two nonlinear force-free cases examined by Schrijver et al. (Solar Phys.
235, 161, 2006). We find that for one case with small α parameters, the quantitative measures of the quality of our result are better than the median values of those from a set
of nonlinear force-free methods. The reconstructed magnetic-field configuration is valid up to a vertical height of the transverse
scale. For the other cases, the results remain valid to a lower vertical height owing to the limitations of the linear force-free-field
solver. Because our method is based on the fast-Fourier-transform algorithm, it is much faster and easy to implement. We discuss
the potential usefulness of our method and its limitations. 相似文献
34.
We focus on quantitative evaluation of several methods for the reconstruction of force-free magnetic fields in the solar corona.
We have studied two topics. The first is to carry out a comparison test of two approaches to implement the optimization method:
(1) using a boundary layer with a weighting function and (2) involving an optimization algorithm for unknown boundary field
vector values. The second approach is shown to provide a better approximation to a desired true solution that is finite in
an unlimited semispace. The approximation obtained by the second approach is reasonably close to the true solution up to the
boundaries of the reconstruction region. Among the applications of the optimization method to real data, we demonstrate its
ability to obtain accurate enough energy estimates and find that the pre- to post-flare energy difference is sufficient in
powering the flare. 相似文献
35.
Electromagnetic instabilities in high-β plasmas, where β is the ratio of the kinetic plasma energy to the magnetic energy, have a broad range of astrophysical applications. The presence
of temperature anisotropies T
∥
/T
⊥
>1 (where ∥ and ⊥ denote directions relative to the background magnetic field) in solar flares and the solar wind is sustained by the observations
and robust acceleration mechanisms that heat plasma particles in the parallel direction. The surplus of parallel kinetic energy
can excite either the Weibel-like instability (WI) of the ordinary mode perpendicular to the magnetic field or the firehose
instability (FHI) of the circularly polarized waves at parallel propagation. The interplay of these two instabilities is examined.
The growth rates and the thresholds provided by the kinetic Vlasov – Maxwell theory are compared. The WI is the fastest growing
one with a growth rate that is several orders of magnitude larger than that of the FHI. These instabilities are however inhibited
by the ambient magnetic field by introducing a temperature anisotropy threshold. The WI admits a larger anisotropy threshold,
so that, under this threshold, the FHI remains the principal mechanism of relaxation. The criteria provided here by describing
the interplay of the WI and FHI are relevant for the existence of these two instabilities in any space plasma system characterized
by an excess of parallel kinetic energy. 相似文献
36.
We search for persistent and quasi-periodic release events of streamer blobs during 2007 with the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and assess the velocity of the slow solar wind along the plasma sheet above the corresponding streamer by measuring the dynamic
parameters of blobs. We find ten quasi-periodic release events of streamer blobs lasting for three to four days. In each day
of these events, we observe three – five blobs. The results are in line with previous studies using data observed near the
last solar minimum. Using the measured blob velocity as a proxy for that of the mean flow, we suggest that the velocity of
the background slow solar wind near the Sun can vary significantly within a few hours. This provides an observational manifestation
of the large velocity variability of the slow solar wind near the Sun. 相似文献
37.
The good quality of the observing sequence of about 60 photographs of the white-light corona taken during the total solar
eclipse observations on 29 March 2006, in Al Sallum, Egypt, enable us to use a new method of image processing for enhancement
of the fine structure of coronal phenomena. We present selected magnetic-field lines derived for different parameters of the
extrapolation model. The coincidence of the observed coronal white-light fine structures and the computed field-line positions
provides a 3D causal relationship between coronal structures and the coronal magnetic field. 相似文献
38.
雷暴下近地面电特性及其对人工引雷的影响 总被引:2,自引:5,他引:2
利用已建立的一维时变模式,对雷暴下近地面的电特性进行了计算。计算结果表明:由于地面的不规则性所产生的电晕电流密度可达2.0nA/m^2,由此而形成的空间电荷密度在100m密度以下可达1.1nC/m^3,传导电流可达3.5nA/m^2,并可延伸到1000m高度,形成0.1nC/m^3和1.0nA/m^2的电荷密度和电流密度。 相似文献
39.
上海地区雷害调查及防雷机理探讨 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
通过对上海地区雷害情况的调查,以实例分析了一次雷害过程的起因,特点、放电路径和破坏程度。结合现有建筑物的防雷设施,对一些“消雷器”和避雷装置“的工作机理进行了初步的研计。 相似文献
40.
The igneous complex of Neukirchen–Kdyn
is located in the southwestern part of the Teplá–Barrandian unit (TBU) in the Bohemian Massif. The TBU forms the most extensive surface exposure of Cadomian basement in central Europe. Cambrian plutons show significant changes in composition, emplacement depth, isotopic cooling ages, and tectonometamorphic overprint from NE to SW. In the NE, the V
epadly granodiorite and the Smr
ovice diorite intruded at shallow crustal levels (<ca. 7 km depth) as was indicated by geobarometric data. K–Ar age data yield 547±7 and 549±7 for hornblende and 495±6 Ma for biotite of the Smr
ovice diorite, suggesting that this pluton has remained at shallow crustal levels (T<ca. 350 °C) since its Cambrian emplacement. A similar history is indicated for the V
epadly granodiorite and the Stod granite. In the SW, intermediate to mafic plutons of the Neukirchen–Kdyn
massif (V
eruby and Neukirchen gabbro, Hoher–Bogen metagabbro), which yield Cambrian ages, either intruded or were metamorphosed at considerably deeper structural levels (>20 km). The Teufelsberg (
ert
v kámen) diorite, on the other hand, forms an unusual intrusion dated at 359±2 Ma (concordant U–Pb zircon age). K–Ar dating of biotite of the Teufelsberg diorite yields 342±4 Ma. These ages, together with published cooling ages of hornblende and mica in adjacent plutons, are compatible with widespread medium to high-grade metamorphism and strong deformation fabrics, suggesting a strong Variscan impact under elevated temperatures at deeper structural levels. The plutons of the Neukirchen area are cut by the steeply NE dipping Hoher–Bogen shear zone (HBSZ), which forms the boundary with the adjacent Moldanubian unit. The HBSZ is characterized by top-to-the-NE normal movements, which were particularly active during the Lower Carboniferous. A geodynamic model is presented that explains the lateral gradients in Cambrian pluton composition and emplacement depth by differential uplift and exhumation, the latter being probably related to long-lasting movements along the HBSZ as a consequence of Lower Carboniferous orogenic collapse. 相似文献