Linking pesticides and human health: A geographic information system (GIS) and Landsat remote sensing method to estimate agricultural pesticide exposure

Accurate pesticide exposure estimation is integral to epidemiologic studies elucidating the role of pesticides in human health. Humans can be exposed to pesticides via residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications (drift). We present an improved geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing method, the Landsat method, to estimate agricultural pesticide exposure through matching pesticide applications to crops classified from temporally concurrent Landsat satellite remote sensing images in California. The image classification method utilizes Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values in a combined maximum likelihood classification and per-field (using segments) approach. Pesticide exposure is estimated according to pesticide-treated crop fields intersecting 500 m buffers around geocoded locations (e.g., residences) in a GIS. Study results demonstrate that the Landsat method can improve GIS-based pesticide exposure estimation by matching more pesticide applications to crops (especially temporary crops) classified using temporally concurrent Landsat images compared to the standard method that relies on infrequently updated land use survey (LUS) crop data. The Landsat method can be used in epidemiologic studies to reconstruct past individual-level exposure to specific pesticides according to where individuals are located.     

SOFTWARE REVIEWS

AMOS—Analysis of MOment Structures . James Arbuckle CLIMATEDATA–Summary of the Day . (Version 1.10). HYDRODATA–U.S.G.S. Daily Values (Version 2.0). The MAP SETS (includes EUROPEAN MAPSET, US MAPSET and WORLD MAPSET). James Taylor     

西部开发过程中土地利用控制的必要性及措施

从西部开发的历史经验与教训、土地利用的不合理现状等方面，阐述国家在实施西部地区大开发战略中加强土地利用控制的必要性及其重要意义。在此基础上，提出土地利用控制的目标与任务。分析了对西部经济发展、自然生态环境建设与保护等密切相关的耕地、林地和草地等在土地利用与控制中存在的问题，进而提出相应的土地利用控制措施与对策。     

西沙海域南部多边形断层的发现及其分布特征与控制因素

根据新采集的三维地震资料,在西沙海域南部发现了多边形断层,其发育分布具有层控特征明显、在富泥地层中发育、多方位走向、纵向断距小、平面延伸长度小且形态为不规则多边形等特征。由于研究区东西两侧应力条件的差异,导致多边形断层发育特征的差异明显。通过对多边形断层发育控制因素的分析,认为地层岩性(特别是西沙海域上构造层的远源细粒沉积物)是其发育的主控因素之一,同时水道砂岩、成岩作用及构造作用等也是影响其发育分布的因素。多边形断层可以作为流体运移的通道,它与下部构造断层连接可将深部烃源岩中的油气运移到上部储层中聚集,或继续向上运移到浅部地层中形成天然气水合物。     

宜川-旬邑地区长8油层组储层特征与控制因素

宜川-旬邑地区上三叠统延长组长8油层组主要为三角洲前缘沉积环境,局部发育湖底滑塌扇体.岩心观察、薄片分析、扫描电镜及压汞测试表明,长8油层组主要为长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,孔隙类型以残余原生粒间孔为主,次为长石溶孔,多为片状喉道和弯片状喉道,孔隙结构以小孔隙-微喉-细喉型与细孔隙-微喉-细喉型为主,储层非均质性强,水下分流河道、河口坝储层物性最好,分支水道最差,绿泥石环边胶结成岩相及石英次生加大胶结成岩相为有利成岩相,压实和胶结作用分别损失的孔隙度为25.65%和3.31%,溶蚀作用整体新增0.83%孔隙度,形成长8油层组目前低孔-超低孔致密砂岩储层.     

构造地质学中的地质思维初探

地质模型的建立,地质思维的正确运用已成为引导地质学前进的两个关键环节。本文以构造地质学领域中近年来的研究成果为基础,探讨了与空间和时间有关的地质思维问题。指出:一个地质现象的观察,一定要结合高一级尺度和低一级尺度的综合研究,才能得出既有形成机制、又有组合规律的全面结论;一个构造形迹,一定要尽力区分出不同的递进变形阶段,以提供以时间为坐标的演化序列。文末,笔者提供了两个研究实例,一个用小构造分析论证区域构造演化,一个据叠加变形原理,把研究对象区分成不同的区段和亚域。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000156

Employing the Unit Soil Carbon Amount (USCA) approach, soil carbon storage was calculated across the Northeast Plain of China based on the Multi-purpose Regional Geochemical Survey conducted in 2004 – 2006 (MRGS). The results indicated that the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in topsoil (0 – 0.2 m), subsoil (0 – 1 m) and deep soil (0 – 1.8 m) was 768.1 Mt, 2978.4 Mt and 3729.2 Mt with densities of 3327.8 t/km2, 12,904.7 t/km2 and 16,157.5 t/km2, respectively. These values were consistent with national averages, whereas the soil carbon densities showed a clear increasing trend from the southern area of the Northeast Plain (Liaoning), to the middle (Jilin) and the northern Plain (Heilongjiang) — particularly in terms of topsoil carbon density, which increased from 2284.2, to 3436.7 and 3861.5 t/km2, respectively. In comparison to carbon data obtained from the Second National Soil Survey in 1984 – 1986 (SNSS), the topsoil SOC storage values from the MRGS were found to have decreased by 320.59 Mt (29.4%), with an average annual decline of 16.0 Mt (l.73%) over the 20 years. In the southern, middle and northern areas of the plain, soil carbon densities decreased by 1060.6 t/km2, 1646.4 t/km2 and 1300.2 t/km2, respectively, with an average value of 1389.0 t/km2 for the whole plain. These findings indicate that the decrease in soil carbon density varied according to the different ecosystems and land use types. Therefore, ratios of soil carbon density were calculated in order to study the carbon dynamic balance between ecosystems, and to further explore distribution characteristics, as well as the sequestration potential of SOC.     

云南元阳大坪金矿矿床成因讨论

金矿位于哀牢山构造变质岩带、金（贵金属）成矿带南部西侧,含金石英脉分布于小新街断裂两侧的次级构造裂隙中,矿脉严格受次级压扭性断裂控制.     

物理过程和分辨率对西南涡演变的中尺度模拟影响

本文运用PSU/NCAR中尺度模式第四改进型(MM_4),对“81.7”四川暴雨期西南涡的演变进行了一系列96和72小时数值模拟;其目的在于研究模式物理过程和空间分辨率以及行星边界层(PBL)参数化对西南涡生成和发展模拟的影响。96小时的控制试验(方案Ⅰ)结果表明:水平分辨率160km和总体PBL的10层MM_4对西南涡发展模拟得较好,但对其生成只有初步模拟的能力;各种物理过程主要影响西南涡演变的强度,而对其位置影响较小;去掉潜热释放会显著影响西南涡在后期的发展;没有地面通量将使西南涡的生成和发展强度明显减弱;于试验不能模拟出西南涡在整个暴雨期的发展,且使其移速略快,无摩擦试验指出,地面摩擦对西南涡的生成是不重要的。提高模式空间分辨率和采用高分辨PBL模式,能使西南涡生成和发展位置的模拟有明显改进,但其强度一般偏强于实况。事实表明,进一步完善模式物理过程、改进PBL参数化和提高模式空间分辨率将是十分必要的。     

数据库系统研制中的几个实用技术

本文根据几个数据系统开发发的实践经验,针对距平台数据导入,无ＤＳＮ连接、动态结账,软、硬盘备份恢复,控件优化等方面提出了几种简洁有效的实用技术。