城市浅层地震勘探过障碍变观设计

在城市浅层地震勘探数据采集中,地震测线经常会遇到河流、桥、交叉路口等地表障碍。为了尽量减小地表障碍造成的影响,需要对观测系统作变观设计。作者分析总结了城市浅层地震勘探中常见障碍以及过障碍变观模式,并开发了浅层地震过障碍变观设计软件,利用此软件可在采集现场快捷地进行过障碍变观。将这种方法应用于实际工作中,有效减小了资料缺失造成的影响,提高了资料的信噪比。该软件能够根据实际工作环境和设备条件在野外现场对观测系统进行灵活变观,设计出合理的过障碍观测系统,有效地提高了变观设计的效率。     

Predicting the effect of biofouling on ship resistance using CFD

This paper proposes a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based unsteady RANS model which enables the prediction of the effect of marine coatings and biofouling on ship resistance and presents CFD simulations of the roughness effects on the resistance and effective power of the full-scale 3D KRISO Container Ship (KCS) hull.Initially, a roughness function model representing a typical coating and different fouling conditions was developed by using the roughness functions given in the literature. This model then was employed in the wall-function of the CFD software and the effects of a typical as applied coating and different fouling conditions on the frictional resistance of flat plates representing the KCS were predicted for a design speed of 24 knots and a slow steaming speed of 19 knots using the proposed CFD model. The roughness effects of such conditions on the resistance components and effective power of the full-scale 3D KCS model were then predicted at the same speeds. The resulting frictional resistance values of the present study were then compared with each other and with results obtained using the similarity law analysis. The increase in the effective power of the full-scale KCS hull was predicted to be 18.1% for a deteriorated coating or light slime whereas that due to heavy slime was predicted to be 38% at a ship speed of 24 knots. In addition, it was observed that the wave resistance and wave systems are significantly affected by the hull roughness and hence viscosity.     

基于大涡模拟的小区气候态精细化风环境模拟试验

对具有复杂下垫面的小区精细化风环境进行数值模拟是当前城市气象研究的热点,而针对具有复杂地形的山地型城市（如重庆）的研究还比较匮乏。本文采用能显式分辨下垫面陡峭地形和复杂建筑物的计算流体力学（CFD）模式对重庆市渝北区龙湖社区气候态下的精细化风环境进行高分辨率的数值模拟。结果表明,下垫面能显著调节小区内风场的分布,风速大值区主要出现在九龙湖等开阔区域以及与中尺度背景入流方向一致的街道中。在夏季,小区整体风场以东南风为主,而其他3个季节则以偏东风为主。4个季节中,夏季小区内的风速最大,平均风速为0.3 m/s左右,局地能出现大于背景风的风速,可达0.8 m/s;其他3个季节的风速则较弱,区域平均的风速在0.2 m/s左右。不同的建筑物布局对局地风环境的影响也不同:单个孤立高层建筑迎风面的近地面存在明显地绕流,局地风速有所增加,而在背风面则形成尾流区,水平风速较低;在低矮分散的建筑群,建筑物的整体高度不高,区域内流场相对来说比较一致,风速较大,有利于小区的通风;在密集高层建筑群内,由于建筑物群本身的布局比较封闭,加之不同建筑物的环流场存在相互干扰及影响,使得小区近地面风速几乎为零,不利于小区通风和污染物扩散。建筑物的这些影响在城市冠层内尤为明显,高度越高这种影响越弱。     

地形追随坐标系下埃特尔位涡的计算

随着数值天气预报模式的日益普及以及位涡在不同天气、气候时、空尺度上的广泛应用,对采用模式输出资料计算的埃特尔（Ertel）位涡的精度提出了更高要求。将气象要素从中尺度模式普遍采用的地形追随坐标系向定义位涡的z或p坐标系的插值过程（插值法）,是导致埃特尔位涡计算误差的主要原因。文中利用地形追随坐标系与z（p）坐标系的变换关系,导出了z坐标系定义的埃特尔位涡在地形追随坐标系中的表达形式,实现了直接在模式格点上计算埃特尔位涡（直接法）,在提高计算精度的同时,保留了其在z坐标系中的物理意义,方便了分析与应用。为了进一步分析直接法在减少计算误差方面的作用,使用WRF模式对2016年7月发生在华北地区复杂地形背景下的一次黄淮气旋爆发过程进行了模拟,利用模式输出资料对此次天气过程中强降水时段插值法计算误差的分布进行了分析。结果表明,利用直接法计算位涡可有效减少插值法引入的计算误差,中低层均方根误差可达0.5 PVU,中高层可达0.3 PVU。将其应用到中小尺度对流性天气精细化结构的分析及气候统计研究中,可以有效减少插值法误差对结果产生的不良影响,提高计算和分析准确度。      

Validation of a finite difference method for the simulation of vortex-induced vibrations on a circular cylinder

The Karman Vortex Street generated by a circular cylinder is investigated by the numerical solution of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations in the incompressible Mach number range (Mach<0.3) using the Beam and Warming implicit scheme. The agreement with the fully incompressible projection method (Chorin, 1968) is fairly good while convergence time is very much better. The investigation suggests that the compressible Navier–Stokes equations may be used as an efficient alternative to study incompressible flows as well. Mach numbers just below 0.3 are enough to simulate incompressible flow behavior and at the same time do not cause numerical ill-conditioning in the solution. In addition, some relevant features of the vortices generated and carried by the wake of the cylinder could be fairly well captured.     

大别山-苏鲁碰撞造山带构造几何学、运动学和岩石变形分析

按照构造几何学特点和运动学特征我们把大别山-苏鲁造山带的分为三个构造单元：南部,中部和北部。造山带南部为一套构造堆叠体系;中部为一个混合岩穹窿,浅变质的砂岩、板岩和片岩构成了大别山-苏鲁造山带的北部构造单元。造山带南部的构造堆叠体系主要由前陆褶皱带构成：未变质的新元古代-早三叠世的沉积地层;由“宿松群”北部和苏北地区的“海州群”构成的高压变质岩石单元及含柯石英和金刚石的超高压变质岩石单元。造山带中部的混合岩穹隆由大别山地区的罗田穹隆和苏鲁地区的莱西-栖霞穹隆构成。同样大别山北部的浅变质“佛子岭-卢镇关群”和胶东地区浅变质的“蓬莱群”构成了造山带北部的构造堆叠体系。同时大别山和苏鲁两个构造地体均经历了相似的多期构造变形：沿NW—SE向矿物拉伸线理发育的上部指北的剪切变形代表着造山带主变形期的变形;早期向南逆冲的韧性剪切变形和沿中部混合岩穹隆边缘发育的重力滑脱变形体系,后者代表了混合岩穹隆形成时的垂向缩短作用。正是由于构造几何学和多期变形的可对比性决定了这两个变质地体具有相同的地球动力学背景。     

西秦岭北缘断层的多期变形演化及其构造动力学意义

西秦岭北缘断层是青藏高原东北缘新生代盆地与西秦岭地块之间的边界断层,其构造变形的几何学-运动学特征和变形历史等研究对于重建青藏高原东北缘新生代以来的构造变形时空动力学过程,限定新生代盆地构造属性,揭示印度板块-欧亚板块碰撞汇聚的远程构造响应和青藏高原东北缘隆升等重大科学问题具有重要地质约束。本文通过对西秦岭北缘新生代盆地南边界F1断层的断层岩类型及分带、构造要素的几何学-运动学特征等较详细的构造解析,辨认出F1断层6期构造变形：第一期为北西西走向、向北倾斜的韧性-韧脆性伸展正断层作用;第二期为北西西走向、向北陡倾或近直立的高角度逆冲断层作用,指示近南北向挤压缩短作用;第三期为走向近南北、向东或向西陡倾的对冲断层作用,指示了近东西向的挤压缩短作用;第四期为北东向右旋和北西向左旋的走滑共轭断层系统,指示了近东西向的挤压作用;第五期为断层面近直立的北东向左旋、北西向右旋的共轭破裂系统,指示了近南北向挤压作用;第六期为断层面近直立的近东西向左旋和近南北向右旋走滑断层构成了几何学-运动学协调的共轭破裂系统,指示了北东向挤压作用。结合西秦岭北缘渐新世-中新世沉积盆地具有断陷盆地沉积序列特征和上新世具有类磨拉石的冲洪积扇粗砾岩特征以及F1断层多期变形对新生代盆地沉积地层的控制和改造作用分析,认为F1断层第一期韧性-脆韧性伸展正断作用始于渐新世,控制了渐新世-中新世伸展断陷盆地沉积;F1断层第二期高角度逆冲缩短变形使得渐新世-中新世断陷盆地封闭、靠近F1断层的底部砾岩层卷入了挤压逆冲断层作用,断层拖曳使地层产状翘起变陡,这期变形持续到上新世冲洪积扇粗砾岩出现;F1断层第三期与第四期虽然都为近东西向挤压,但第三期为东西向对冲挤出,而第四期为北东向和北西向斜向走滑挤出,其动力学机制是否与青藏高原东北缘西部地壳增厚隆升诱发的中-下地壳向东流动拖曳导致的上地壳东西向挤压缩短尚待证实,由于第三和第四期变形的构造形迹在上新统韩家沟砾岩不存在,因此,这两期变形的时代只能是发生在中新世末期或上新世早期;第五期北东和北西向共轭破裂系统和第六期南北向和东西向共轭破裂系统在渐新统-中新统沉积地层和上新统粗砾岩地层中都存在,其时代无疑是上新世末期或第四纪以来的构造变形,但第五期共轭断层指示的最大主压应力为近南北向,而第六期最大主压应力为北东-南西向,两者夹角约30°,指示两期变形最大主应力方向发生了30°的顺时针旋转,这可能与青藏高原东北缘变形重组过程中块体旋转有关。上述F1断层丰富且复杂的构造变形形迹揭示的断层变形方式和历史演变对于澄清青藏高原东北缘新生代红层盆地构造属性认识上的分歧和高原变形是均匀增厚变形和块体沿断层挤出滑移地壳变形机制的争论等提供了重要的构造依据。     

Experimental and numerical study on vortex-induced motions of a deep-draft semi-submersible

An experimental study on vortex-induced motions (VIM) of a deep-draft semi-submersible (DDS) was carried out in a towing tank, with the aim to investigate the VIM effects on the overall hydrodynamics of the structure. In order to study the fluid physics associated with VIM of the DDS, a comprehensive numerical simulation was conducted to examine the characteristics of vortex shedding processes and their interactions due to multiple cylindrical columns. The experimental measurements were obtained for horizontal plane motions including transverse, in-line and yaw motions as well as drag and lift forces on the structure. Spectral analysis was further carried out based on the recorded force time history. These data were subsequently used to validate the numerical model. Detailed numerical results on the vortex flow characteristics revealed that during the “lock-in”, the vortex shedding processes of the upstream columns enhance the vortex shedding processes of the downstream columns leading to the rapid increase of the magnitude of VIM. In addition to the experimental measurements, for the two uniform flow incidences (0° and 45°) investigated, comprehensive numerical data of the parametric study on the VIM characteristics at a wide range of current strength will also serve as quality benchmarks for future study and provide guidance for practical design.