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941.
结合一维圣维南方程及CSTR水质概念模型的机理,开发了平原环状河网非稳态水质模型,并用于温州市温瑞塘河水污染控制规划的编制中。模型由水文子模型和水质子模型两部分构成,描述了水体中COD、氨氮和DO浓度随时间、空间的动态变化。利用新开发的模型,采用试错法,估算了河网的水环境容量,并以此为基础确定了远、近期污染物排放控制目标;通过研究水质恢复的滞后性,提出可以采取引水冲污、人工曝气复氧等非常规措施来改善河网水质;并且利用情景分析方法,分别设定不同流量与不同开闸方式相组合的9种冲污情景,定量化探讨了引水冲污方案;根据曝气复氧对河网水质改善的作用特征,筛选出需要曝气复氧的重点河段和次重点河段。 相似文献
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The paper examines: (a) trends in climatic variations and variability with particular emphasis on rainfall (b) the characteristics
of climatic events, including floods and droughts, (c) seasonal variations in river flows, (d) mean annual trends in river
flows and discharges, (e) local variations of extremes of rainfall and river discharges, (f) the effects of climatic variability
and climate change on ground water variations, (g) the problems of acute shortage of freshwater, and (h) the prevalence of
water stress whose characteristics would be worsened with the projected impacts of climate change. The results show that:
(i) there are a lot of spatial and temporal variations in the characteristics of rainfall and the hydrological systems locally
and regionally, although in general, there have been downward trends in rainfall and increases in water deficits and drought
events, (ii) that flood events, which also have impacted adversely in many parts of the region, have also been witnessed.
The paper then produces projections for future urban and rural water supplies in Nigeria, which is an epitome of West Africa
and examines the two main categories of adaptation measures needed to improve water management, namely, those involving the
water supply and water demand systems in the study region. Finally, the paper discusses the need to address a number of mechanisms
for implementation of the various adaptation measures including: (a) building capacity and manpower, (b) promoting education
and public awareness, (c) public participation and the involvement of stakeholders, (d) the establishment of both national
and regional co-operation, and (e) the need for climatic and other environmental data collection and monitoring.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
944.
Altogether 64 predominantly biological traits were coded for more than 600 macroinvertebrate species from European rivers. The main question was: Are biological traits able to reflect “biological functionality” in large rivers and if so, is it possible to deduce an assessment system based on functionality? Analysis of the raw trait structure of all species indicates that these traits are not completely independent from their higher systematic units. To avoid mis-interpretations when judging from mixtures of habitats (β-biocoenosis) we used for our investigations only sample series from -biocoenosis, pre-tested by a mathematical criterion of homogeneity. Within -biocoenosis, traits are shown to be able to compensate for drastic changes with respect to species number and species composition along a river continuum, demonstrating their functional quality. Long-term changes in the trait and species structures of German waterways were studied using multivariate methods, based on an analysis of 142 sampling series. A shift from traits typical for K-strategists to traits typical for r-strategists was detected to be the main background variable. The rK-strategy is regarded as a true functional character of species. We calculated the relative positions of all trait-coded species on this rK-scale, and plotted the functional diversity of our samples against the structural diversity of the species from several river systems. Rivers extremely dominated by r-strategists show a deficit in functional diversity. Rivers dominated by K-strategists also show deficits, possibly in concordance with modern ecological theories such as the intermediate disturbance theory. The quantitative proportions of extreme r- to K-Strategists in -biocoenosis can be used as a general disturbance measure. 相似文献
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During a one‐year period temporal and spatial variations in suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and deposition were studied on a salt and freshwater tidal marsh in the Scheldt estuary (Belgium, SW Netherlands) using automatic water sampling stations and sediment traps. Temporal variations were found to be controlled by tidal inundation. The initial SSC, measured above the marsh surface at the beginning of inundation events, increases linearly with inundation height at high tide. In accordance with this an exponential relationship is observed between inundation time and sedimentation rates, measured over 25 spring–neap cycles. In addition both SSC and sedimentation rates are higher during winter than during summer for the same inundation height or time. Although spatial differences in vegetation characteristics are large between and within the studied salt and freshwater marsh, they do not affect the spatial sedimentation pattern. Sedimentation rates however strongly decrease with increasing (1) surface elevation, (2) distance from the nearest creek or marsh edge and (3) distance from the marsh edge measured along the nearest creek. Based on these three morphometric parameters, the spatio‐temporal sedimentation pattern can be modelled very well using a single multiple regression model for both the salt and freshwater marsh. A method is presented to compute two‐dimensional sedimentation patterns, based on spatial implementation of this regression model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
950.
Unsteady bedload transport was measured in two c. 5 m wide anabranches of a gravel‐bed braided stream draining the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, during the 1998 and 1999 melt seasons. Bedload was directly sampled using 152 mm square Helley–Smith type samplers deployed from a portable measuring bridge, and independent transport rate estimates for the coarser size fractions were obtained from the dispersion of magnetically tagged tracer pebbles. Bedload transport time series show pulsing behaviour under both marginal (1998) and partial (1999) transport regimes. There are generally weak correlations between transport rates and shear stresses determined from velocity data recorded at the measuring bridge. Characteristic parameters of the bedload grain‐size distributions (D50, D84) are weakly correlated with transport rates. Analysis of full bedload grain‐size distributions reveals greater structure, with a tendency for transport to become less size selective at higher transport rates. The bedload time series show autoregressive behaviour but are dif?cult to distinguish by this method. State–space plots, and associated measures of time‐series separation, reveal the structure of the time series more clearly. The measured pulses have distinctly different time‐series characteristics from those modelled using a one‐dimensional sediment routing model in which bed shear stress and grain size are varied randomly. These results suggest a mechanism of pulse generation based on irregular low‐amplitude bedforms, that may be generated in‐channel or may represent the advection of material supplied by bank erosion events. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献