河西走廊黑河流域地下水化学特征研究

黑河流域地处西北内陆干旱区,受径流蒸发和溶滤作用的控制,地下水水化学最重要的特征是自补给区至排泄区具有典型的水平分带性和垂直倒置分异规律。水平方向从祁连山山前洪积扇顶部到冲、洪积细土平原北部的盐沼(盐地),表层地下水的矿化度随着径流长度的增加而增高,由淡水过渡为咸水并达到卤水阶段,化学组分亦相应的由HCO3--Na -Ca 型递变为SO42--HCO3--Na -Ca2 型、SO42--Cl--Na -Ca2 型直到Cl--SO42--Na 型、Cl--Na 型,每个水化学带与一定的地貌单元相联系。垂向上在淡承压水分布的区域,上部潜水矿化度0.5～4.0g/L,下部承压水矿化度小于1g/L,且随着深度的增加矿化度降低。     

合理地下水生态水位的估算方法研究——以塔里木河下游为例

从合理地下水生态水位的定义出发,探讨了各类估算合理地下水生态水位的方法。以塔里木河下游为例,分析应急生态输水后,地下水埋深与胡杨样枝生长情况的关系,结果表明,塔里木河下游合理地下水生态水位埋深为4～6m。     

A sedimentary facies model for stepped,fluvial tufa systems in the Iberian Range (Spain): the Quaternary Piedra and Mesa valleys

Stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses of the Quaternary tufa and associated deposits in the Piedra and Mesa river valleys allowed a number of stages of their sedimentary evolution to be characterized, and a depositional sedimentary model for this north‐central sector of the Iberian Range (Spain) to be established. The proposed sedimentary facies model may explain tufa arrangements in other medium to high gradient, stepped, fluvial tufa systems with narrow transverse profiles occurring in temperate, semi‐arid areas, in both recent and past scenarios. There are several tufa deposits within the Piedra and Mesa river valleys that, over a maximum thickness of about 90 m, record one or more stages of tufa deposition produced following the fluvial incision of the bedrock or previous tufa deposits. Each depositional stage begins with coarse detrital sedimentation. Six fundamental, vertical sequences of tufa facies with small amounts of detrital material reveal the sedimentary processes that occurred in different fluvial environments: channel areas with: (i) free‐flowing water; (ii) barrages and/or cascades; and (iii) dammed water and palustrine floodplains. The proposed sedimentary model involves narrow, stepped, fluvial valleys in which tufa cascades were common. Alternating intervals of bryophyte and stromatolite facies commonly formed at some cascades. Many of these represented barrage‐cascade structures that consisted of phytoclast rudstones, thick phytoherms of mosses and associated stromatolites, and curtain‐shaped phytoherms of stems. Upstream of these structures, dammed areas with bioclastic sands and silts developed and palustrine vegetation grew. The channel stretches between barrages and/or cascades were loci for extensive stromatolite growth in fast flowing water. The palustrine floodplain was home to pools and drainage channels. The model also explains the growth of some barrages in the River Piedra that surpassed the height of the divide, with the diffluence of the main channel into a secondary course forming other tufa deposits in the area. The distribution and abundance of certain types of tufa facies in fluvial basins may be an indicator of differences in their gradients. The facies studied in this work suggest that the gradient of the ancient River Piedra was steeper than that of the ancient River Mesa. Assuming similar scenarios for climate and hydrology, the depositional settings mentioned above and their dimensions would have been determined mainly by the gradient and width of the associated river valleys. This sedimentary model may also be useful for inferring variations in other river basin slopes, as well as accounting for the presence of tufas in areas that normally have no permanent water input.     

东营凹陷永安镇油田砂体沉积特征研究

运用岩心观察、粒度分析、地震及测井曲线形态分析等资料,结合单井相、剖面相分析,对永安镇油田沙三段上亚段一沙二段下亚段沉积特征进行系统研究,确定其发育河流一三角洲相沉积和湖泊相沉积。三角洲相沉积在该地区发育三角洲平原亚相和三角洲前缘亚相。湖泊相发育滑塌沉积。系统研究了储集砂体的时空演化、展布规律及砂体发育的控制因素,分流河道微相和河口坝微相是该区最有利的储集砂体,对下一步石油地质勘探研究具有重要的地质意义。     

河网非稳态水环境容量研究

基于“河道-节点-河道”法的河网水量水质数学模型具有很高的效率,但到目前为止还没有与此求解方法相对应的河网水环境容量的求解方法,在对河网水质模型进行深入分析的基础上,引入节点污染物质允许进入量的概念,求出河网各河道河段及节点的允许排放量,建立了相应于上述水质模型的求解大型河网非稳态水环境容量的“节点-河道-节点”计算模式     

涟江源区河流地貌特征及其与构造的响应

通过对涟江源区河流地貌及地质构造的调查发现,区内河谷地貌平面展布形式有纵谷、横谷及斜向谷,纵断面形态主要为"V"型、次之为"U"型.支流与干流交汇处发育三处盆地,各盆地中均发育三级阶地,分别形成于距今56.7±3.6 Ka,24.2±2.4Ka,0.8±0.250 Ka.区内河谷地貌、阶地特征与新构造运动地壳间歇性抬升...     

金沙江攀枝花段水系沉积物中重金属的分布特征及污染评价

对攀枝花地区金沙江水系沉积物中九个重金属元素的地球化学特征及空间分布特征进行了分析研究,并对各重金属的污染程度进行了初步评价。研究发现,重金属在支流与金沙江交汇点下游处含量高于上游处,这说明金沙江有一定的自净化能力。通过分析可知,重金属的污染程度为:Cu>V>Ti>Mn>Cr>Zn>As>Co>Pb,其中Cu、V、Ti、Mn污染严重,Pb为轻度污染。污染最严重的地区是攀钢冶金区、攀钢选矿区、攀钢采矿区以及攀钢尾矿坝。     

长江口岸滩近期演变及南水北调工程的可能影响

根据近几十年长江口前沿滩的地形观测资料和大通站输沙量资料，揭示了入海泥沙量变化对河口前沿岸滩冲淤的重要影响，初步估计：在年调水总量不超过450亿吨的背景下，入海泥沙的减少将＜0．2亿t/a，河口潮滩的冲淤动态不会发生实质性变，但同时指：当南水北调和流域的其它入人类活动叠加时，其影响不容忽视。     

河道洪水预报的可靠性研究

把河道洪水预报方案与可靠性分析方法结合起来,对预报可靠性作了分析。分析了预报中的不确定性来源以及在率定模型中对它们的处理,应用可靠性分析方法评价了各种不确定性对预报结果的影响,估算了超过目标洪峰流量的概率,对预报结果作了定量的可靠性分析。     

黑河下游额济纳三角洲河道渗漏对地下水补给研究综述

干旱区河道渗漏是河道径流转化为地下水的一种主要方式. 河道渗漏系数是确定河流与地下水之间转化量的重要参数, 也是建立地下水模型的关键. 从河道渗漏运动的研究方法、 河道渗漏时空动态变化、 河道渗漏特征规律与机理以及河道渗漏模拟研究等方面入手, 综述了国内外有关河道渗漏研究方面的进展情况以及发展趋势. 同时对黑河下游额济纳三角洲地区的河道渗漏研究现状及存在的问题进行了阐述, 分析当前研究的不足. 针对黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲水系与河道特点, 提出如下建议: 从河道渗漏的时空动态变化分析入手, 开展典型渗漏观测试验、 进行河水位、 流量、 河床含水量、 地下水位的连续观测和同位素示踪试验, 测定河道渗漏与地下水运动参数; 建立河道渗漏模拟模型, 模拟和预测不同情景下河道渗漏过程. 为该地区的河道渗漏补给地下水的定量化研究提供新的思路, 为制定科学合理的水资源利用规划和维护绿洲稳定及可持续发展提供科学依据.