A geographical analysis of warm season lightning/landscape interactions across Colorado,USA

This article analyzes lightning/landscape interactions across the State of Colorado. Ten years (2003–2012) of warm season cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity are mapped at 500 × 500 m² to characterize the distribution of thunderstorm activity. Geospatial analyses quantify lightning activity by elevation, physiographic region, and mountain range, and time-series animations outline the general movement of thunderstorms. From these spatio-temporal perspectives, our objective is to elucidate lightning/landscape interactions as they occur over a topographically and climatologically diverse landscape. The information aids meteorologists by exposing orographic and rainshadow effects, mesoscale meteorological effects, fluxes of moisture sources, thunderstorm initiation zones, and thunderstorm movements. Other benefits extend to wildland fire managers, those who maintain lightning-vulnerable infrastructures, and, from a human risk perspective, an overall awareness to those who work and play outdoors. Major findings include (1) elevation alone does not determine the degree of lightning activity, (2) across the state's mountain ranges, lightning density varies considerably, but the number of lightning days does not, and (3) the time of lightning initiation and maxima varies by elevation, with higher mountain elevations experiencing most activity 1 h before lower mountain elevations, and 3 h before lower Great Plains locations.     

和田河流域水资源与生态环境变化及其对策研究

和田河流域光,热,水、土地资源丰富,农牧业 潜力很大,然而该流域生态环境极其脆弱,环境灾害多发,水资源开发利用及区域发展不可避免地其生态环境产生很大影响。本文从多个侧面阐述了该流域水资源与生态环境的相互关系和影响,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Research on Water-Taking Characteristics of Huanghua Power Plant Reach

In this paper the water-taking characteristics of the first,the second and the third stage of theHuanghua Power Plant are studied by numerical model and physical model.The results show that the pres-ent inlet channel only satisfies the supply need of the first stage of the power plant.If the riverbed of the in-let reach is properly dredged,the need of water supply for the third stage of the power plant could be met.     

黄河口减沙与流路稳定

黄河口的减沙与水资源利用是稳定黄河流路的重要措施。入海流路的选择是确保油田开发、港口建设和防灾的重要工作。加强河口港湾和河口治理工程的研究是解决黄河口治理的关键工程。     

天山北麓活动背斜区河流阶地与古地震事件

利用航空遥感照片和Google earth卫星影像,对天山北麓独山子活动背斜区奎屯河两侧的河流地貌进行解释,结合野外调查发现,奎屯河流经独山子背斜段发育7级基座阶地,阶地基座为上新统独山子组泥岩,其上部为2.5 ～ 15m厚的砂砾石层和砂质黏土.在开挖或剥离的各级阶地堆积物剖面中采集细粒堆积物样品,实验室中采用细粒石英...     

走廊南山河流纵剖面高海拔裂点的成因

河流水力侵蚀物理模型表明基岩河道纵剖面在均衡状态时表现为平滑上凹的形态,其特征反映了构造、基岩抗侵蚀能力和气候的作用;然而自然界河道纵剖面多呈现以裂点为特征的不均衡形态,不均衡的剖面形态以及裂点的研究同样可以对外力作用的变化起到很好的指示作用。位于北祁连的走廊南山高海拔河道纵剖面普遍呈现不均衡形式且发育海拔较高的裂点。通过对裂点成因分析发现,这些裂点并不主要受控于岩性、气候、构造等因素,而反映了冰川作用遗留地形与河流地形的分界。这一结果说明在对河道纵剖面高海拔裂点进行分析时要考虑到古冰川遗留地形也会对现代河道纵剖面产生重要影响,为进一步认识和理解造山带地貌演化以及控制因素提供了思路。     

乌伦古河中上游地区含金建造的地质地球化学特征

乌伦古河中上游地区是阿尔泰重要的金矿化集中区,发育有中泥盆统火山岩含金建造,下石炭统火山岩－火山碎屑岩含金建造,华力西中期深成花岗岩类含金建造和蛇绿混杂岩含金建造。这四类含金建造控制了区内三类金矿的分布。地质地球化学特征表明：中泥盆统火山岩含金建造形成于岛弧环境,由钙碱性和弱碱性火山岩组成,富含成矿元素Ａｕ,Ｃｕ,Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ,赋存金矿以Ａｕ－Ｃｕ类为主;下石炭统火山岩－火山碎屑岩含金建造是由钙碱性火山岩组成,形成于岛弧环境,富含Ａｕ,Ａｓ,Ｓｂ,Ｂｉ等元素,赋存金矿以Ａｕ－Ａｓ类为主,华力西中期深成花岗岩类含金建造属高钠“Ⅰ”型花岗岩系列,该建造为碰撞带附近构造环境,富含Ａｕ,Ｐｂ,Ｗ,Ｍｏ等元素,赋存金矿有Ａｕ－Ｗ类和Ａｕ－Ｃｕ类;蛇绿混杂岩含金建造系俯冲带产物,富含Ａｕ,Ｃｒ,Ｎｉ,Ｃｏ,Ｃｕ等成矿元素,赋存金矿主要有Ａｕ－Ｃｕ类。     

九八长江洪涝灾害成因及防治方略的思考——兼论人与自然的和谐共存关系

１９９８年长江洪涝灾害的形成有自然的和人为的两种原因,系天、地、生、人多种因素同时作用的结果,是人类与自然不协调的表现。防治长江洪涝灾害要全面规划;上、下游与大、中、小流域综合治理;要除害兴利将治理与开发相结合;要注意处理好与自然和谐共存关系。     

A watershed on the Rhine: Changing approaches to international environmental cooperation

Since the 1950s, the governments of the riparian countries of the Rhine have attempted to protect the ecosystems of the river basin through international cooperation. Before 1987, their relations were unproductive and antagonistic. International programs for the protection of Rhine were far less effective than domestic policies. From 1987 onwards, international cooperation on the protection of the Rhine has been exemplary, and has led the way in domestic and international water protection policies. Many existing frameworks of international relations are not able to offer an adequate account of this wholesale change. In this article, an attempt is undertaken with the help of grid-group theory. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

关于悬沙级配沿垂线分布的有效悬浮指标

讨论了要流悬沙中某级泥沙所占全体悬沙之Ｐｉ的两种定义,根据Ｈ．Ｒｏｕｓｅ含沙量分布公式,导出了相应的Ｐｉ／Ｐａ、Ｐｉ／Ｐｉｐｊ、Ｐｉ／ＰｉｐｊＱ等３种形式的悬沙级配沿垂线相对分布表达式;表达了有效悬浮δｉ的物理函义及其实际应用取值问题。