Rare earth elements in cold seep carbonates from the southwestern Dongsha area,northern South China Sea

The circulation of methane-rich fluids at cold seeps often leads to the precipitation of seep carbonates close to the seafloor along continental margins, which can be used as records of past fluid seepage. Rare earth element (REE) concentrations in seep carbonates have been used to trace fluid sources and provide information on associated biogeochemical processes at cold seeps. The REE concentrations of a series of carbonates collected from cold seeps in the southwestern Dongsha area of the northern South China Sea are analyzed in this study. The total REE contents (ΣREE) of the seep carbonates analyzed show a wide variation from 17 ppm to 523 ppm with an average ΣREE value of 54 ppm, which are higher than the typical marine carbonate values of ∼28 ppm commonly reported and also higher than those of the carbonates from other cold seep areas. A positive correlation between Fe–Mn content and ΣREE was observed. These results suggest that the seep carbonates of this study were primarily controlled by the methane-derived fluid from which they precipitated. The Fe-rich dolomite and siderite, which are the main components of the carbonates, are responsible for the enrichment of the REE. A slight positive Ce anomaly observed in the shale-normalized REE patterns of the studied seep carbonates suggests that they formed in anoxic conditions, and the correlations between Ce/Ce* and La_N/Sm_N, Ce/Ce* and Dy_N/Sm_N, Ce/Ce* and ΣREE further reveal that the REE characteristics of most seep carbonate samples preserve the original redox conditions in which they precipitated and late diagenesis has had little effect on the REE. However, the REE characteristics of sub-samples DS2-2B, DS1-6A and DS1-7A are very different from those of the other sub-samples, indicating a greater impact of late diagenesis and post-oxidation favored REE enrichment.     

Cold seeps associated with a submarine debris avalanche deposit at Kick’em Jenny volcano,Grenada (Lesser Antilles)

Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) exploration at the distal margins of a debris avalanche deposit from Kick’em Jenny submarine volcano in Grenada has revealed areas of cold seeps with chemosynthetic-based ecosystems. The seeps occur on steep slopes of deformed, unconsolidated hemipelagic sediments in water depths between 1952 and 2042 m. Two main areas consist of anastomosing systems of fluid flow that have incised local sediments by several tens of centimeters. No temperature anomalies were observed in the vent areas and no active flow was visually observed, suggesting that the venting may be waning. An Eh sensor deployed on a miniature autonomous plume recorder (MAPR) recorded a positive signal and the presence of live organisms indicates at least some venting is still occurring. The chemosynthetic-based ecosystem included giant mussels (Bathymodiolus sp.) with commensal polychaetes (Branchipolynoe sp.) and cocculinid epibionts, other bivalves, Siboglinida (vestimentiferan) tubeworms, other polychaetes, and shrimp, as well as associated heterotrophs, including gastropods, anemones, crabs, fish, octopods, brittle stars, and holothurians. The origin of the seeps may be related to fluid overpressure generated during the collapse of an ancestral Kick’em Jenny volcano. We suggest that deformation and burial of hemipelagic sediment at the front and base of the advancing debris avalanche led to fluid venting at the distal margin. Such deformation may be a common feature of marine avalanches in a variety of geological environments especially along continental margins, raising the possibility of creating large numbers of ephemeral seep-based ecosystems.     

基于改进Morlet小波的MP算法在地震频谱分析中的应用

对地震信号的时频分析,Morlet小波是在时频联合域内具有最好分辨率的解析小波.介绍了基于Morlet小波的匹配追踪算法的原理,在此基础上改进了时频原子库,并增加了参数k来调节Morlet小波的带宽.对比了基于Morlet小波的匹配追踪(MP)算法与传统STFT时频分析方法,理论模型表明,该算法具有更高的时频分辨率;对...     

Recent trends of temperature change under hot and cold desert climates: Comparing the Sahara (Libya) and Central Asia (Xinjiang, China)

According to trend computations at three stations each in Sahara desert (Libya), characterized by a “hot” desert type (“BWh”, according to the Koeppen climate classification), and in Central Asia (Xinjiang, China) identified as a “cold” desert type (“BWk”, after Koeppen), increasing annual temperatures were detected over the period 1955-2005 corresponding with global temperature warming. From 1955-1978, negative (decreasing) temperature trends were, however, observed at all three hot desert stations and at two of the three cold desert stations. From 1979-2005, strikingly positive temperature trends were seen at all six stations. In seasonal respects, winter (December to February) and summer (June to August) show different temperature trends over the period 1955-2005: the hot desert experienced an increasing temperature trend at a greater extent in summer than in winter; vice-versa, in the cold desert positive trends were computed for winter and negative for summer. It can also be observed that mostly hot desert warming occurred in summer, opposite to cold desert warming in winter.     

香蕉叶片组织细胞结构特性与耐寒性的关系

对广东目前推广的 4个香蕉良种以及粉蕉和大蕉进行切片显微观察 ,并结合低温处理的电导率测定 ,结果表明 ,香蕉叶片组织细胞结构紧密度 (CTR值 )与品种的耐寒性密切相关 ,且具有相对的稳定性 ,可作为香蕉耐寒性的鉴定指标。供试品种耐寒力强弱依次为粉蕉、大蕉、威廉斯 (8818)、“巴西”、“93- 1”、广东二号 (6 3- 1)。     

超级克拉通盆地发育的构造背景及其形成模式探讨

克拉通盆地是所有盆地类型中最稳定、最长寿的盆地,也是地壳和地幔长期垂向变形最重要的地质记录。地史上面积最大的克拉通盆地（超级克拉通盆地）原型面积常超过200×104 km2,对探讨克拉通盆地成因演化具有重要的代表性意义。目前世界各地的研究可以识别出10余个不同时期的超级克拉通盆地。本文根据超级克拉通盆地基底性质、盆地发育的超大陆构造演化背景及其构造特征,将超级克拉通盆地划分为A型盆地和B型盆地两种类型,它们分别以西西伯利亚盆地和刚果盆地为代表。A型盆地形成于超大陆裂解之前至初始裂解的背景下,基底为前期造山带,为短波长盆地。盆地形态不规则性强,内部均一性相对较低,克拉通盆地边缘可能渐变为弧后盆地或前陆盆地。B型盆地形成于超大陆裂解末期（即下一个超大陆汇聚之初）,基底为古克拉通陆块,为长波长盆地,盆地多呈对称的宽缓碟型。A型盆地处于短期活动的热地幔柱之上,伴随早期裂谷作用及其随后的热衰减成盆;B型盆地常处于热点和地貌高地之间的部位,盆地沉降长期受地幔持续缓慢下沉控制。     

近10年我国降水的QBO分析

近10年来我国东部地区降水分布趋势的年际变化具有QBO特征,双年的降水为中部地区少南北多,单年的降水为中部多南北少,其中江淮流域的降水变化最明显。分析表明,降水QBO的特征与西太平洋副高和冷空气活动有关,一般双年副高偏北、亚洲纬向环流发展,雨带偏北;单年相反,副高偏南、亚洲经向环流发展,雨带偏南,江淮流域降水较多。     

冷泉形成的数值模拟研究

海底冷泉形成的一种可能机制是海平面下降引起天然气水合物的分解.本文基于对冷泉渗漏特征的分析,建立了二维轴对称模型,利用有限元方法定量分析了南海区域海平面下降对冷泉形成的影响.结果表明,末次冰盛期(26.5~19.0 ka BP)海平面下降引起的冷泉活动可以持续到现在,但是从水合物停止分解至今,超孔隙压力的极值在持续减小,而流体向海底的渗漏达西速度先快速减小、然后缓慢减小.同时发现,流体向海底的渗漏达西速度与管状通道的渗透率、通道周围介质的渗透率以及通道的半径等有关,估计目前的冷泉活动还可以持续10000年以上.海平面下降引起的天然气水合物分解,可能是影响全球气候变化的一个重要因素.     

新疆"4.23"强寒潮降温特征分析

利用常规天气观测资料、美国NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,应用天气学原理和天气动力诊断分析方法,对2014年4月22—24日一场春季强寒潮降温天气("4·23"强寒朝)进行分析。结果表明:(1)前期北疆500 hPa上空被弱脊控制,欧洲脊强烈发展,强北风带建立,中高纬环流由纬向转为经向。中期欧洲脊衰退,引导冷空气向东南爆发,长波槽迅速东移南下侵入北疆,造成了本次寒潮天气。(2)寒潮爆发前期,日平均气温较历年同期偏高以及地形因素是导致冷空气强烈爆发、气温陡降的有利因素。(3)沿46°N的垂直温度平流、θ_(se)剖面图可以分析得出,地面冷锋先与高空锋面进入新疆境内,冷空气在6 h内迅速移动并且强度明显加强。(4)锋生函数分析表明强降温的区域、寒潮的路径和起始时间与其中心变化有很好的对应关系,可以清楚地分析出冷空气的时空变化。     

不同定义指标下的乌鲁木齐寒潮过程气候特征对比分析

利用乌鲁木齐市1951—2015年逐日最低气温(TD)、日平均气温(TT)资料,依据《寒潮等级》国家标准,以TD、TT为定义指标来普查寒潮降温过程,采用数理统计方法对2种指标统计的寒潮降温气候变化特征进行对比分析。结果表明:2种指标方法统计的降温频数存在显著性差异,在年际、季节时间尺度上均呈不显著减少趋势,TT法统计的年降温频数减少趋势显著强于TD法;90%的降温过程持续时间在1~3 d,TD、TT法统计的最长降温持续日数均出现在11月,且不同降温幅度的频数最大值亦在秋季;以TD、TT法统计的全年95.5%和94.6%的降温过程达不到寒潮的标准,2种方法统计的寒潮等级频数均表现为一般寒潮强寒潮特强寒潮;2种方法统计的寒潮频数在年际、季节尺度上均呈现减少趋势,峰值期分别为4月和10月,20世纪50年代为多发期,2001—2015年为相对少发期;TT法统计寒潮频数未来持续性强度弱于TD法;相关性分析发现,寒潮频数与年均TD、TT呈极显著的负相关关系,且年均TD的相关性强于年均TT,表明TD是影响寒潮频数变化的一个重要指标参数。