Assessment of two techniques to merge ground-based and TRMM rainfall measurements: a case study about Brazilian Amazon Rainforest

The availability of accurate rainfall data with high spatial resolution, especially in vast watersheds with low density of ground-measurements, is critical for planning and management of water resources and can increase the quality of the hydrological modeling predictions. In this study, we used two classical methods: the optimal interpolation and the successive correction method (SCM), for merging ground-measurements and satellite rainfall estimates. Cressman and Barnes schemes have been used in the SCM in order to define the error covariance matrices. The correction of bias in satellite rainfall data has been assessed by using four different algorithms: (1) the mean bias correction, (2) the regression equation, (3) the distribution transformation, and (4) the spatial transformation. The satellite rainfall data were provided by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, over the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. Performances of the two merging data techniques are compared, qualitatively, by visual inspection and quantitatively, by a statistical analysis, collected from January 1999 to December 2010. The computation of the statistical indices shows that the SCM, with the Cressman scheme, provides slightly better results.     

对城市门牌号空间定位功能的研究

门牌号是地名地址描述中的地址元素,地名地址是基础地理信息的一项重要内容,因此,研究门牌号有着十分重要的意义。本文主要介绍了门牌号的概念、存在形式和功能,并对门牌号空间定位功能的插值算法和存在的一些特殊情况进行探讨。     

Evaluation of ocean data assimilation in CAS-ESM-C: Constraining the SST field

A weakly coupled assimilation system, in which SST observations are assimilated into a coupled climate model(CASESM-C) through an ensemble optimal interpolation scheme, was established. This system is a useful tool for historical climate simulation, showing substantial advantages, including maintaining the atmospheric feedback, and keeping the oceanic fields from drifting far away from the observation, among others. During the coupled model integration, the bias of both surface and subsurface oceanic fields in the analysis can be reduced compared to unassimilated fields. Based on 30 model years of output from the system, the climatology and interannual variability of the climate system were evaluated. The results showed that the system can reasonably reproduce the climatological global precipitation and SLP, but it still suffers from the double ITCZ problem. Besides, the ENSO footprint, which is revealed by ENSO-related surface air temperature, geopotential height and precipitation during El Ni ?no evolution, is basically reproduced by the system. The system can also simulate the observed SST–rainfall relationships well on both interannual and intraseasonal timescales in the western North Pacific region, in which atmospheric feedback is crucial for climate simulation.     

Theoretical aspects of grade-tonnage calculations

Conclusions A theoretical approach to grade-tonnage calculations shows that methods based on accumulations are incorrect. Strictly correct calculations must involve multiplication of the various spatial functions, rather than the multiplication of measurements made at locations. If, however, polygonal interpolation is employed to estimate the spatial functions involved, then the results of the two approaches are identical. If any other interpolation procedure is used, then differences become obvious. Where trends are present in the data being computed, accumulation methods are likely to introduce serious errors.     

Rock media mathematical models processing

This paper reports on mathematical models of rock media processing and on their use in designing open pit coal mines. Spatial mathematical model of rock media was processed on a 25 km² model site, incorporating 918 borehole logs. The model is capable of providing information concerning the geological structure of every point of the investigated area by plotting geological cross-sections along given lines or by plotting contour lines of the surface or the base for thickness of chosen lithological strata. The computation of one point of a grid involves the following steps: Borehole logs are numericaly coded. The geological structure at an arbitrarily chosen pointP is computed as follows. All borehole logs inside the circle (P; R) are used to compute theZ-coordinate of the ground atP by some interpolation formula chosen from those contained in the program system. Next, we check what stratum occurs topmost at boreholes inside the circle and which is most probable as the top stratumC ₁ atP. TheZ-coordinate of theC ₁ stratum surface atP is computed. Then what strata occur underC ₁ stratum and which of them is the most probable stratumC ₂ is determined. The process of computation is repeated until a sequence of strataC _i atP andZ _i coordinates of their surfaces is ascertained. The interpolation formulas included in the system are proper linear combination of PAF (polynomial approximations formulas, linear or quadratic and weighted) and WAF (weighted average formulas). Among the various interpolation formulas, some proved more useful for tectonic fault lines, others for ordinary sedimentary surfaces.     

An efficient optimum interpolation scheme for objective analysis over Indian region

In the optimum interpolation scheme, the weights for the observations are computed by solving a set of linear equations for every grid point. As the number of observations increases particularly over data-rich regions, the matrix dimension increases and the computer time required to solve these equations to determine weights increases considerably. In order to reduce the computer time for computing the weights, Tanguay and Robert suggested schemes in which the gaussian function representing the autocorrelation function has been approximated by a second-order and also by a fourth-order Taylor series expansion. This resulted in the solution of matrices of order 4 or 9 respectively to obtain weighting functions irrespective of the number of observations used in the analysis. In the present study, the analyses of mean sea level pressure and geopotential height at 700 mbar level have been carried out for five days using the above two schemes and the regular OI scheme. The analyses are found to be similar in all the three cases suggesting that a lot of computer time could be saved without sacrificing the analysis accuracy by using the modified scheme in which the second-order approximation is utilized.     

Downhole microseismic data reconstruction and imaging based on combination of spline interpolation and curveletsparse constrained interpolation

When using borehole sensors and microseimic events to image,spatial aliasing often occurred because of the lack of sensors underground and the distance between the sensors which were too large. To solve the aliasing problem,data reconstruction is often needed. Curvelet transform sparsity constrained inversion was widely used in the seismic data reconstruction field for its anisotropic,multiscale and local basis. However,for the downhole case,because the number of sampling point is much larger than the number of the sensors,the advantage of the curvelet basis can't perform very well. To mitigate the problem,the method that joints spline and curvlet-based compressive sensing was proposed. First,we applied the spline interpolation to the first arrivals that to be interpolated. And the events are moved to a certain direction,such as horizontal,which can be represented by the curvelet basis sparsely. Under the spasity condition,curvelet-based compressive sensing was applied for the data,and directional filter was also used to mute the near vertical noises. After that,the events were shifted to the spline line to finish the interpolation workflow. The method was applied to a synthetic model,and better result was presented than using curvelet transform interpolation directly. We applied the method to a real dataset,a microseismic downhole observation field data in Nanyang,using Kirchhoff migration method to image the microseimic event. Compared with the origin data,artifacts were suppressed on a certain degree.     

ArcGIS中几种空间内插方法的比较

ArcGIS软件的GA(Geostatistical Analyst)分析扩展模块是一个功能强大、简单易用的数据分析与表面建模工具,应用领域广泛。这里首先简单地介绍了该模块中四类主要的空间内插方法,随后结合该模块的实际界面介绍了该方法的使用,并通过示例比较了几种空间内插方法的优缺点。GA分析扩展模块能用少量的采样数据点的测量值生成连续表面,预测表面的生成、预测表面的准确度和预测表面的误差估计对建模以及分析有重大的意义。     

SRTM高程数据中空缺单元的内插填补

简要介绍了SRTM生产的数字高程数据,认为采用直接内插来填补其中的空缺数据是最为简便的方法,以加权平均水平面移动拟合法为例,详细阐述了空缺单元的内插计算方法和基本过程,讨论比较了不同条件下的效果,认为SRTM的数字高程数据具有非常广泛的用途和前景。     

Decomposing InSAR LOS displacement into co-seismic dislocation with a linear interpolation model： A case study of the Kunlun Mountain Ms=8.1 earthquake

It has always been a difficult problem to extract horizontal and vertical displacement components from the InSAR LOS （Line of Sight） displacement since the advent of monitoring ground surface deformation with InSAR technique. Having tried to fit the firsthand field investigation data with a least squares model and obtained a preliminary result, this paper, based on the previous field data and the InSAR data, presents a linear cubic interpolation model which well fits the feature of earthquake fracture zone. This model inherits the precision of investigation data; moreover make use of some advantages of the InSAR technique, such as quasi-real time observation, continuous recording and all-weather measurement. Accordingly, by means of the model this paper presents a method to decompose the InSAR slant range co-seismic displacement （i.e. LOS change） into horizontal and vertical displacement components. Approaching the real motion step by step, finally a serial of curves representing the co-seismic horizontal and vertical displacement component along the main earthquake fracture zone are approximately obtained.