超声波透射法在检测大直径灌注桩完整性中的应用

介绍了超声波透射法检测大直径灌注桩桩身完整性的原理、方法和现场检测技术。通过现场检测实例,给出了基桩存在缺陷时声参量的几种特征。检测结果表明:超声波透射法能够相当准确的判别长桩的多处缺陷。     

Change detection thresholds for remotely sensed images

 The detection of change in remotely sensed images is often carried out by designating a threshold to distinguish between areas of change and areas of no change. The choice of threshold is often arbitrary however. The purpose of this paper is to offer a statistical framework for the selection of thresholds. The framework accounts for the facts that one carries out multiple tests of the null hypothesis of no change, when searching for regions of change over an image with a large number of pixels. Special attention is given to global spatial autocorrelation, which can affect the selection of appropriate threshold values. Received: 8 March 2001 / Accepted: 12 October 2001     

岩体灌浆检测方法及其适用性评价

在工程岩体灌浆检测中，除采用孔内声波法外，尚有孔中电视、孔中流量测试和孔间地震波CT等方法，本文简单介绍了各方法的原理，并对其特点、局限性和适用性作出具体评价，同时给出几个实例供相关工程参考。     

我国核地球物理的发展与展望

结合我国50年代以来核地球物理方法和仪器的发展历程,概况了航空、地面、测井、测氡、热释光及人工放射性方法在寻找放射性矿产、油气藏及环境辐射评价方面的应用和最新进展,以及各个历史时期取得的主要成就,并就氡的迁移机制、土壤热释光的应用、天然伽马辐射背景研究等方面提出了进一步发展意见。     

过冷层状云中飞机播云有效区域的模拟研究

根据飞机人工增雨作业个例 ,利用层状云中催化剂输送扩散的三维时变模式 ,对过冷层状云中播云产生的有效区域、催化剂水平输送和扩散速率等进行了模拟研究。结果表明 :(1)飞机播云 4 5min线长 32 7km ,投影有效面积和有效体积在播云刚结束时 (5 0分 )达到极大 ,其值分别为 70 7km2 和 2 98.0km3 ,有效扩展宽度和厚度为 2 .5 1km和 0 .4 2km ;(2 )有效作用时段为 2 0～ 80min ,其间的投影有效面积平均值为 5 13.3km2 ,平均有效扩展宽度和厚度分别为 2 .4 1km和 0 .4 5km ;(3)在扩散作用下 ,投影有效面积和有效体积先随时间不断增加 ,达到极值后逐渐减小 ,播云结束 (5 5分 )后 ,云中的有效区域消失 ,其间的投影有效面积平均值为 389.7km2 ,平均有效扩展宽度和厚度分别为 2 .34km和 0 .4 4km ;(4)云中催化剂水平输送 1h的平均值达到 6 5km ,仅与风场有关。催化剂扩散速率 1h平均为 0 .82m/s,与风、温、湍流有关 ;(5 )在飞机增雨作业时 ,飞行方案的设计必须是严格科学的 ,以便进一步提高人工增雨的实效     

海-陆-气全球耦合模式能量收支的误差

通过分析GOALS模式两个版本GOALS 1.1和GOALS 2的能量收支 ,并与观测对比 ,结果表明 :模式模拟的地表净短波辐射通量在高纬地区偏低 ,而净长波辐射通量又偏高 ,导致极地表面温度偏低 ,感热通量在高纬地区为很高的负值。而在陆地上感热加热作用显著偏强 ,使地表有较大的向上净能量给大气 ,引起陆地上有些暖中心也偏强 ,这也解释了模式模拟地表面空气温度场的误差原因。海洋上潜热通量偏低 ,特别是在副热带洋面上偏少更明显。陆地上的欧亚和北美大陆大部分地区潜热通量仍偏低。这也是模式降水在大部分地区偏少的重要原因。两模式大气顶OLR偏低的模拟主要是在中低纬度 ,大气顶净短波辐射通量的模拟在中低纬度虽然与NCEP结果接近 ,但与地球辐射收支试验ERBE资料比较仍偏小较多 ,说明改进中低纬度云 辐射参数化方案对改进全球能量收支的模拟有重要意义。GOALS 2模式中诊断云方案模拟的云量除赤道地区外普遍偏小 ,尤以中纬度为甚 ,造成那里能量收支出现大的误差 ,这表明了更好的云参数化方案的引入是今后模式发展的重要任务之一     

The chemical composition of fogs and intercepted clouds in the United States

Over the past decade, the chemical compositions of fogs and intercepted clouds have been investigated at more than a dozen locations across the United States. Sampling sites have been located in the northeast, southeast, Rocky Mountain, and west coast regions of the US. They include both pristine and heavily polluted locations. Frontal/orographic clouds (warm and supercooled), intercepted coastal stratiform clouds, and radiation fogs have all been examined. Sample pH values range from below 3 to above 7. Major ions also exhibit a wide concentration range, with clouds at some locations exhibiting high sea salt concentrations, while composition at other locations is dominated by ammonium and sulfate or nitrate.     

Pollutant concentrations in fog and low cloud water at selected sites of the Czech Republic

In this paper, the basic composition of fog and low cloud water are presented, resulting from the analyses of water samples from 111 fog/cloud events. The samples were collected at five sites located in various regions of the Czech Republic. Two sampling sites are in mountainous regions and three sites represent various urban areas. The mountain stations are located in two regions of the Czech Republic with different industry types. At all the sites, active fog collectors were employed. In the water samples, the conductivity, acidity (pH), cations (H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) and anions (F⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻) were determined.A mean pH value of about 4.5 was obtained at mountain sites whereas the measurements in urban areas showed mean pH values from 4.9 to 6.4. The mean conductivity values in the samples from the two mountain stations were 137 and 191.5 μS cm⁻¹. The samples from urban sites showed mean values between 127.7 and 654.4 μS cm⁻¹. The maximum concentration means for the three dominant pollutants (expressed by the ratio mountain sites/urban sites) are 32.9/99.6 mg l⁻¹ for NO₃⁻, 32.5/192.9 mg l⁻¹ for SO₄²⁻ and 18.5/52.7 mg l⁻¹ for NH₄⁺. As expected, we found higher ion concentrations in the northern part of the Czech Republic where larger numbers of lignite-burning power plants, chemical factories and opencast lignite mines are located. A decrease in ion concentrations was observed at higher altitude sites, probably reflecting at least in part higher liquid water contents at these locations.     

基于模糊评价模型的民用机场无人机监测系统评估方法

论文结合民用机场净空保护需求,针对无人机监测系统在民用机场的应用可行性和有效性进行定量评估。首先,深入分析了无人机监测系统的多维度评价指标,从系统的功能、性能、可靠性、安全性、可部署性5个评价维度设计了10个方面的系统特征,包括监测覆盖区域、有效探测距离、空间定位精度、俯仰精度、目标跟踪能力、即时性度量、报警提示置信程度、目标识别能力、可靠性度量、信息安全和可部署性度量等。然后,结合这10个系统评价特征,建立基于模糊集和模糊测度的综合评估模型,设计多类无人机监测设备在机场真实场景的实验验证。实验结果表明,该方法可有效度量无人机监测系统对民用机场的适用性和有效性等,对不同类型的技术具有较好的兼容性,评价结果对民用机场无人机监测系统选择具有较高的参考价值。     

基于无人机摄影测量的地形变化检测方法与小流域输沙模型研究

流域输沙过程是地貌学和地表动力学的重要研究内容,但传统的输沙过程监测方法仅能得到某个区域的总输沙率,无法推算其空间分布。论文以黄土高原绥德县窑家湾小流域为例,利用无人机摄影测量技术得到其2006年和2019年2期数字高程模型(DEM)并计算地形变化量;然后,根据质量守恒原理和多流向算法建立泥沙在空间上的输送模型,进而计算小流域输沙率的空间分布。实验结果表明,该模型能有效模拟泥沙在空间上的输送情况,输沙率出现质量不守恒的区域面积占比小于4%,且不守恒区域多为人类活动影响区。同时,论文讨论了DEM的选择和不同地形变化检测水平对模型结果的影响。当使用第一期DEM进行泥沙搬运路径推算时,质量不守恒区域的面积显著降低。使用误差空间分布图进行地形变化检测得到的输沙率结果鲁棒性更强。使用中误差进行地形检测得到的结果在不同置信度下变化较大。基于无人机地形变化检测的空间输沙模型能方便、快捷地提供详尽的输沙率空间分布,为地表过程研究带来了新的机遇。