干旱气候条件下灌溉方式与灌水定额对辣椒生长的影响

以色素辣椒“美国红”为试验材料,研究了干旱气候条件下两种灌溉方式（畦灌和膜下滴灌）和6种灌水定额（30.0、37.5、45.0、52.5、60.0、67.5 mm）对辣椒生长的影响。结果表明：采用畦灌方式时,45.0 mm灌水定额下的辣椒株高、茎粗、地上部干重、产量等指标综合表现较好,最终产量达到12 655.890 kg·hm-2,比52.5、60.0、67.5 mm灌水定额下的产量分别高11.7%、14.2%、27.1%;采用膜下滴灌方式时,45.0 mm灌水定额下的辣椒长势最好,最终产量高达14 843.295 kg·hm-2,比52.5、60.0、67.5 mm灌水定额下的产量分别高10.0%、12.3%、15.4%。相同灌水定额（45.0 mm）下两种灌溉方式比较结果显示,膜下滴灌方式下的辣椒株高、茎粗和产量分别比畦灌方式下高出11.39%、3.79%和17.28%。这说明在干旱气候条件下,色素辣椒全生育期采用“膜下滴灌,45.0 mm灌水定额,灌水五次”的灌溉组合方式较为适宜。     

基于数字图像技术的岩土材料有限元-离散元分析

将数字图像技术与Munjiza提出的有限元法-离散元法（FDEM）耦合分析方法结合,研制了可表征岩石真实非均质性的FDEM分析系统,为从细观角度对岩体进行建模以及研究岩体的破裂机制提供了新途径。该系统借助数字图像技术从岩石断面的图像获取岩石材料的真实细观结构,借助成熟的网格剖分技术,将其映射到FDEM计算网格中,从而克服了原有FDEM在考虑材料非均质性所存在的不足。利用该系统,进行了巴西圆盘劈裂试验的数值模拟,再现了花岗岩在荷载作用下的真实破裂过程。数值模拟结果表明,考虑非均质性的岩样应力分布呈现出非对称性,岩石的细观结构对岩石中裂纹的扩展及应力分布有重要影响。     

岩石类材料拉伸弹性模量测量方法的对比研究

研究表明岩石材料在拉应力、压应力条件下具有不同的力学行为,因此,岩石材料存在两种弹性模量,分别为拉伸弹性模量和压缩弹性模量。为了甄别出直梁弯折试验和巴西劈裂试验哪一种更加适合测试岩石材料的拉伸弹性模量,以大理岩、花岗岩和砂岩为典型的岩石类型,开展了一系列的单轴压缩、直接拉伸、三点弯折和巴西劈裂试验,测试了岩石材料的拉伸弹性模量;并对测试结果的可靠性、准确性开展了系统的对比研究。最终发现,巴西劈裂试验因为较好的测量精度、制样简便、试验操作简单等因素,可以成为测量岩石材料拉伸弹性模量的推荐方法。     

Hazardous elements and amorphous nanoparticles in historical estuary coal mining area

In Brazil, intense coal exploitation activities have led to environmental deterioration, including soil mortification, water contamination, loss of ecosystem, and atmospheric contamination. In addition,considerable quantities of sulfur-rich residues are left behind in the mining area; these residues pose grave environmental issues as they undergo sulfide oxidation reactions. When sulfur oxides come in contact with water, extreme acid leachate is produced with great proportions of sulfate, and hazardous elements(HEs), which are identified as coal drainage(CMD). CMD is an environmental pollution challenge, particularly in countries with historic or active coal mines. To prevent CMD formation or its migration, the source must be controlled; however, this may not be feasible at many locations. In such scenarios, the mine water should be collected, treated, and discharged. In this study, data from 2005 to2010 was gathered on the geochemistry of 11 CMD discharges from ten different mines. There are several concerns and questions on the formation of nanominerals in mine acid drainage and on their reactions and interfaces. The detailed mineralogical and geochemical data presented in this paper were derived from previous studies on the coal mine areas in Brazil. Oxyhydroxides, sulfates, and nanoparticles in these areas possibly go through structural transformations depending on their size and formation conditions. The geochemistry of Fe-precipitates(such as jarosite, goethite, and hematite) existent in the CMD-generating coal areas and those that could be considered as a potential source of hazardous elements(HEs)(e.g., Cr) were also studied because these precipitates are relatively stable in extremely low pH conditions. To simplify and improve poorly ordered iron, strontium, and aluminum phase characterization, field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction(XRD) and sequential extraction(SE) studies were executed on a set CMD samples from the Brazilian mines. This study aimed to investigate the role of both nanomineral and amorphous phase distribution throughout the reactive coal cleaning rejects profile and HEs removal from the water mine to provide holistic insights on the ecological risks posed by HEs, nanominerals, amorphous phases, and to assess sediments in complex environments such as estuaries.     

Hydrodynamics and suspended particulate matter retention in macrotidal estuaries located in Amazonia-semiarid interface (Northeastern-Brazil)

The aim of the current study was to determine the nature of the seasonal variability of the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) fluxes from the drainage basin to the estuary in a macrotidal region (Northeastern Brazil), and the estuarine response to a seawater intrusion regarding sediment deposition, which will support the understanding of the global transport of materials at the continent-ocean interface. Thermohaline structure data was acquired using a Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) probe with a sampling frequency of 4 Hz. Suspended particulate material was measured by gravimetric measurements applied to exact filtered volume samples. The outflows were measured through the use of an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) with frequency of 1.5 MHz. The horizontal thermal and saline gradients varied from warmer and less saline waters (2014) to cooler and saline waters (2015). The gradient behavior when linked to volume transport and SPM flows, suggests a minimization of the fluvial flows in 2015, easing the advance of coastal water (CW) towards the inner estuary, leading to an inversion of the baroclinic pressure gradient. The bottom saline front, generated by the entrance of coastal water masses, caused an increase in SPM concentrations due to increased fluid density, resuspension of previously deposited sediment, and erosion of banks. High concentrations of SPM indicate higher volume transport suggesting a hydraulic barrier due to the change/inversion of the baroclinic pressure gradient, resulting in water and material retention. Material deposition was observed during neap tide, while during spring tide the material is resuspended, increasing the concentration, generating cycles of deposition and erosion during the neap-spring tides. The sediment in suspension that reach the estuary, even with low fluvial volume, stay in this environment forming new islands because of deposition. High deposition rates or sediment cycling, if generated by the hydraulic barrier, may indicate that the flows of SPM from the continental drainage to the estuary and adjacent continental shelf are interrupted and the residence time is increased.     

Geosteranes: Identification and synthesis of a novel series of 3-substituted steranes

A novel series of 3-alkyl and 3-carboxyalkyl-5β(H)-steranes 7–10 along with a full homologous series of carboxyalkyl-sterane (C₁ to C₆) 4–6 with 3α(H)5α(H) configuration have been identified in marine-evaporitic oils from Fazenda Belém, Potiguar Basin (Brazil) on the basis of mass spectral interpretation. The synthesis of enantiomerically pure 3α-alkyl-5β(H)-cholestane and 3β-alkyl-5α(H)-cholestane standards and their coinjection with petroleum fractions confirmed the structural assignments.     

An Update on the Fracture Toughness Testing Methods Related to the Cracked Chevron-notched Brazilian Disk (CCNBD) Specimen

This paper reviews the use of the cracked Chevron-notched Brazilian disc (CCNBD) for fracture toughness testing. Theoretical and experimental backgrounds of the method are described. Some issues regarding the current development (i.e., recalibration) of the specimen geometry are presented and discussed. A number of geometries related to the CCNBD proposed recently for fracture toughness testing of rock are then introduced and commented on.