时间延迟对劈裂试验条件下岩石凯塞效应的影响

验证了粗晶花岗岩在劈裂试验条件下凯塞效应的存在性。进行了循环加卸载时间间隔分别为2、15d和45d时岩石的声发射试验,讨论了时间延迟对花岗岩凯塞效应的影响。研究结果表明,前期荷载越接近极限强度,岩石的凯塞效应越不明显;凯塞效应随再次加载时间延迟的增加而削弱,在对花岗岩的声发射试验中观察到15d以后岩石的凯塞效应仍然很显著,45d后凯塞效应基本消失。文中同时对试件与加载设备之间的接触状态对声发射试验结果的影响作了初步的定性分析。     

Diagenetic processes in cretaceous sandstones from occidental Brazilian Equatorial Margin

Despite a great interest in Brazilian Equatorial Margin exploration, very little was published on the diagenesis of sandstones from that area. A wide recognition petrographic study was performed to identify the major diagenetic processes that impacted the porosity of Lower Cretaceous sandstones of the Pará-Maranhão, São Luís, Bragança-Viseu and Barreirinhas basins. Arkoses from the Pará-Maranhão Basin show neoformed or infiltrated clay coatings, mica replacement and expansion by kaolinite and vermiculite, and precipitation of grain-replacive and pore-filling quartz, kaolinite, albite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, siderite, pyrite and titanium oxides. Compaction, quartz and calcite cementation were the main porosity-reducing processes. Barreirinhas Basin lithic arkoses and subarkoses display clay coatings, compaction of metamorphic fragments into pseudomatrix, and precipitation of grain-replacive and pore-filling kaolinite, quartz, albite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, TiO₂ and pyrite. The main porosity-reducing processes were calcite cementation in the subarkoses, and compaction and quartz cementation in lithic arkoses. Quartzarenites from this basin were early- and pervasively cemented by dolomite. Arkoses and lithic arkoses of the São Luís and Bragança-Viseu basins show clay coatings, pseudomatrix from mud intraclasts compaction, and precipitation of pore-filling and grain-replacive kaolinite, vermiculite, smectite, quartz, albite, chlorite, illite, calcite, dolomite, hematite, TiO₂ and pyrite. Compaction of mud intraclasts and dissolution of feldspars and heavy minerals were the main porosity-modification processes. These preliminary results may contribute to the understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diagenetic processes and their impacts on the porosity of the sandstones from these basins.     

The Varre-Sai chondrite,a Brazilian fall: petrology and geochemistry

The Varre-Sai meteorite fell along the border of the states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; on 19 June 2010 at 5:40 pm. Petrography and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) indicate that the rock is an L5 S4 chondrite, with blastoporphyritic texture that has not been previously described. Geochemical data based on major and rare-earth elements (REEs) show that Varre-Sai is highly similar to the other L chondrites. In Harker diagrams, Varre-Sai, L, and LL chondrites form a single group, suggesting no significant chemical differences between them and contributing to the long-standing debate of whether LL chondrites form a distinct group or whether they are a subset of the L group. Harker diagrams also define a trend from E to H and L/LL chondrites, similar to the cosmochemical trends suggested by other authors. The behaviour of Fe₂O_3t and NiO indicates a relationship with Fe-Ni alloys, and their trend in the diagram suggests some chemical differentiation in the ordinary chondrite parental bodies. The REE content in Varre-Sai, normalized to C chondrites, falls in the field of L chondrites and others, but with slight REE enrichment. The chemical differences in chondrites, mainly in REEs, Fe₂O_3t and NiO could be alternatively interpreted as variations in the inherited agglutinated materials as chondrules, Ca–Al-rich inclusions and Fe–Ni nodules.     

平台巴西劈裂试验确定岩石抗拉强度的理论分析

为了完善平台巴西劈裂试验测定岩石抗拉强度的理论基础,基于二维弹性理论,建立对弦载荷下的平台巴西劈裂力学模型,采用应力场叠加法求得圆盘内的应力近似解析解。该应力理论解与有限元数值解一致,证明理论求解的合理性。在此基础上,对比研究了平台加载角对圆盘内应力大小及应力集中程度的影响,其结果表明：平台加载角越大,圆盘加载处的应力集中程度和压拉应力比都急剧降低,而圆盘内的拉应力值和拉伸区却只有一定程度减小;过大或过小的平台加载角都不利于平台巴西试样发生中心拉伸劈裂破坏,其最优平台加载角在20°~30°之间。最后,依据Griffith强度破坏准则,推得岩石抗拉强度的理论计算公式,其结果与已有抗拉强度经验公式及试验所得抗拉强度相符较好。     

结合BM3D和多级非线性加权平均中值滤波的遥感影像混合噪声去噪方法

提出了一种基于三维块匹配（BM3D）和多级非线性加权平均中值滤波的遥感影像混合噪声去噪方法,使用coief3小波和sym2小波替换传统三维块匹配算法中的bior1.5和hear参数,将三维块匹配算法和多级非线性加权平均中值滤波相结合以提高算法对混合噪声的去噪能力。进行一个仿真对比试验和一个真实遥感影像去噪试验,试验表明,本文提出的方法在遥感影像混合噪声去噪方面效果要优于传统混合噪声去噪方法。     

On the measurement of directional wave spectra at the southern Brazilian coast

The detailed reconstruction of the directional spectrum of wind waves from measurements of the wave field is an essential requirement for several applications, including the numerical modeling of wave evolution. Three reconstruction techniques that provide estimates of the directional distribution function D(f,θ), given the one-dimensional frequency spectrum, are compared using data from a coastal locality at the southern Brazilian coast. The techniques are the maximum entropy method (MEM), the Fourier Expansion Method using a cos² type function (FEM_cos) and the Fourier Expansion Method using a sech type function (FEM_sech). The main patterns of the wave climate at the study site are qualitatively assessed. Three main sea states, including swell, transition between local sea and swell, and directionally bimodal wind sea, are identified. Time series from three events associated with the main sea states provide test cases for inter comparison of the three reconstruction techniques. Maximum entropy estimates of D(f,θ) provide results that are more consistent than those obtained from the two FEM techniques in all cases considered.     

一种改进均值的自适应中值滤波算法

针对自适应中值滤波算法在滤除高浓度椒盐噪声和保留图像边缘细节中的不足,提出了一种改进均值的自适应中值滤波(IMAMF)算法。该算法采用扩充图像边界的方式,使得原图像的边界点能在自适应的滤波窗口下参与噪声检测和滤波处理,并在检测噪声和信号时,增加了噪声阈值判定,将存在噪声的像素点用修正后的均值滤波器值输出,信号点则用原始灰度值输出。为了验证算法的可行性,采用了5种不同的算法进行仿真对比分析,并从主观角度和客观指标上进行效果评价。试验结果表明:该算法能有效滤除浓度为10%～90%范围内的椒盐噪声,且图像细节和边缘信息得到了更好的保留,滤波性能明显优于其他算法。     

围压对巴西裂纹圆盘应力强度因子影响分析

为了研究围压对巴西裂纹圆盘应力强度因子的影响,使用权函数方法得到了围压作用下巴西裂纹圆盘的应力强度因子,进而得到径向集中荷载与围压共同作用下的应力强度因子的计算公式。在此基础上,从理论上分析了围压对巴西裂纹圆盘应力强度因子的影响,分析结果表明：围压对II型应力强度因子无影响,纯围压作用下裂纹趋于闭合;围压和集中力共同作用下,I型应力强度因子随着围压的增大而减小。对比分析了数值分析与理论结果,分析表明,理论与数值结果吻合良好,从而表明了理论分析的正确性。此外,还研究了围压对纯II型裂纹加载条件的影响,结果表明,纯II型裂纹的临界加载角随着围压增大而减小,直至为0。因此,当围压较大时,加载角为0°左右所发生的断裂不一定全是纯I型断裂。     

A relationship between tensile strength and loading stress governing the onset of mode I crack propagation obtained via numerical investigations using a bonded particle model

Numerical models based on the discrete element method are used to study the fracturing process in brittle rock‐like materials under direct and indirect tension. The results demonstrate the capacity of the model to capture the essential characteristics of fracture including the onset of crack propagation, stable and unstable crack growth, arrest and reinitiation of fracturing, and crack branching. Simulations of Brazilian indirect tension tests serve to calibrate the numerical model, relating macroscopic tensile strength of specimens to their micromechanical breakage parameters. A second suite of simulations reveals a linear relationship between the tensile strength of specimens and the loading stress for which mode I tensile crack propagation ensues. Based on these results, a crack initiation criterion for brittle materials is proposed, prescribing the stressing conditions required to induce tensile failure. Such a criterion, if broadly applicable, provides a practical means to rapidly assess the failure potential of brittle materials under tensile loads.     

孔槽式圆盘破坏特性与裂纹扩展机制颗粒流分析

基于室内岩石类脆性材料圆盘试样巴西试验结果,利用颗粒流程序（PFC）,获得一组能够反映其力学特征的细观参数。在此基础上,对孔槽式圆盘试样进行巴西试验模拟,分析了裂隙倾角和半径比变化对孔槽式圆盘试样力学参数和裂纹扩展规律的影响。孔槽式圆盘试样力学参数显著低于完整圆盘试样,降幅与孔槽几何参数密切相关。劈裂荷载随裂隙倾角的增大呈非线性变化,而随着半径比的增大呈近似线性减小规律。通过分析认为,在试验模拟范围内保持半径比不变,当裂隙倾角较小时,孔洞是主裂纹起裂的主要诱因;裂隙倾角较大时,裂隙成为主裂纹起裂的主要诱因。保持裂隙倾角不变,当半径比较小时,裂隙是主裂纹起裂的主要诱因;半径比较大时,孔洞成为主裂纹起裂的主要诱因。最后,从细观层面探讨了孔槽式圆盘试样裂纹扩展机制。