图像平滑算法比较研究及改进策略

图像平滑作为去除图像中含有噪声的图像增强处理技术，是各种与图像有关软件中必不可少的功能模块。文中在分析噪声模型的基础上，对均值平滑、中值平滑、边缘保持平滑等技术从图像处理空间域中的算法原理、实现方法及效率等方面进行了详细比较。针对图像中含有的不同噪声模型，通过多次试验，得出了值得从事图像处理研究者参考的结论。这将有助于提高图像处理软件开发的效率。     

不同光质对温室甜椒光合特性的影响

以甜椒＂苏椒13号＂品种为试材,于2009年在江苏南京设计不同彩色塑料薄膜（红、绿、黄、紫、蓝、无色（CK））覆盖处理试验,系统研究了不同光质对温室甜椒叶片光合作用特性的影响。结果表明：不同光质处理的甜椒叶片光补偿点和光饱和点分别在4560μmol.m-2.s-1和1 0001 200μmol.m-2.s-1范围内;红膜处理的单叶最大光合速率最高达8.4μmol.m-2.s-1,紫膜处理最低仅为2.89μmol.m-2.s-1;红膜和CK处理的甜椒叶片CO2饱和点明显高于紫膜和黄膜处理,所有处理的CO2补偿点均在100μmol.mol-1左右。CK的叶绿素含量最高,绿膜处理最低。不同色膜处理的晴天叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰型。除蓝膜外,其他色膜处理胞间CO2浓度日变化曲线均呈＂W＂型。水分利用效率日平均值以红膜处理最高、紫膜最低。气孔限制值以紫膜处理最高、红膜处理最低。红膜、黄膜处理可促进甜椒光合作用,而紫膜则具有明显的抑制作用。     

Diagenetic processes in cretaceous sandstones from occidental Brazilian Equatorial Margin

Despite a great interest in Brazilian Equatorial Margin exploration, very little was published on the diagenesis of sandstones from that area. A wide recognition petrographic study was performed to identify the major diagenetic processes that impacted the porosity of Lower Cretaceous sandstones of the Pará-Maranhão, São Luís, Bragança-Viseu and Barreirinhas basins. Arkoses from the Pará-Maranhão Basin show neoformed or infiltrated clay coatings, mica replacement and expansion by kaolinite and vermiculite, and precipitation of grain-replacive and pore-filling quartz, kaolinite, albite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, siderite, pyrite and titanium oxides. Compaction, quartz and calcite cementation were the main porosity-reducing processes. Barreirinhas Basin lithic arkoses and subarkoses display clay coatings, compaction of metamorphic fragments into pseudomatrix, and precipitation of grain-replacive and pore-filling kaolinite, quartz, albite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, TiO₂ and pyrite. The main porosity-reducing processes were calcite cementation in the subarkoses, and compaction and quartz cementation in lithic arkoses. Quartzarenites from this basin were early- and pervasively cemented by dolomite. Arkoses and lithic arkoses of the São Luís and Bragança-Viseu basins show clay coatings, pseudomatrix from mud intraclasts compaction, and precipitation of pore-filling and grain-replacive kaolinite, vermiculite, smectite, quartz, albite, chlorite, illite, calcite, dolomite, hematite, TiO₂ and pyrite. Compaction of mud intraclasts and dissolution of feldspars and heavy minerals were the main porosity-modification processes. These preliminary results may contribute to the understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diagenetic processes and their impacts on the porosity of the sandstones from these basins.     

单轴压缩与劈裂荷载下灰岩声发射b值特性研究

通过开展灰岩巴西劈裂和单轴压缩声发射试验,探讨两种加载方式下岩石破裂声发射b值特性及b值计算影响因素。结果表明,累积计算b值拟合度高,误差较小;步距为5 dB时不同门槛值下b值随时间变化的总体规律基本一致,选择5 dB的步距和40 dB的门槛值计算b值比较合理,能够降低非岩石破裂信号对b值变化的影响。由动态b值的波动程度可以看出,在劈裂荷载下灰岩损伤演化过程可分为3个阶段,即(0～40%)?c(?c为峰值强度)、(40%～90%)?c和(90%～100%)?c,而在单轴加载下可分为：(0～80%)?c和(80%～100%)?c两个阶段,且不同阶段岩石内部损伤的程度不同。在裂纹扩展阶段,相比单轴加载,劈裂荷载下动态b值增加较为稳定,但在整个破坏过程中劈裂荷载下动态b值波动更大,在单轴压缩和劈裂加载方式下b值的大小取决于灰岩破裂面上的结构性质及破裂模式。     

A geophysical view of the Southeastern Brazilian margin at Santos Basin: Insights into rifting evolution

This study investigates the rifting structures of Santos Basin at the Southeastern Brazilian margin, based on an integrated geophysical approach. Our aim is to constrain the crustal basement topography of central and northern Santos basin, the presence of magmatism and the role of inherited structures in space and time through the rifting processes. We present a new high resolution aeromagnetic dataset, which in correlation with gravity anomalies enables us to interpret the tectonic trends and crustal basement structures. We calculated the magnetic basement depth for the central and northern Santos Basin using power spectrum analysis. The obtained depths range between 2 and 9 kms, and are comparable with results from previous works. From our integrated study, three margin domains could be identified, which display distinct rifting structures and are characterized by important lateral variation along the margin. The proximal domain displays trends and magnetic basement blocks NE–SW oriented, i.e., parallel to inherited onshore crustal basement with an inflexion to E–W oriented trends; the necking domain is characterized by oblique magnetic basement highs and lows (E–W and NW–SE) and a structural trend change. The trends and magnetic basement highs are bounded by NW–SE negative anomalies, interpreted as transfer zones. Oceanwards at the distal domain, the lineaments and transfer zones show a progressive structural inflexion to ENE and E–W, sub-parallel to adjacent South Atlantic Fracture Zones. The observed crustal basement architecture and segmentation suggest the reactivation of pre-rift structures at the proximal margin and the obliquity of rifting relative to them. From the proximal domain oceanwards the structural pattern may reflect the passage from a “continental type” domain, where lithospheric inheritance controls the deformation, to a distal margin where this influence diminishes and “new” structural trends are formed. We propose that northern Santos Basin show evidences of an intensely deformed zone, where rift evolved under oblique extension, similar to that observed at transform margin segments.     

The precautionary principle and its approach to risk analysis and quarantine related to the trade of marine ornamental fishes in Brazil

The objective of this study was to employ the precautionary principle in import risk analysis (IRA) and quarantine in the trade of marine ornamental fishes (MOF). The analysis focused on the example of Brazil, as it imports and exports these fishes, in amounts that are globally significant. These processes, since their collection in nature, may expose the fish to stress, which may lead to the development of diseases. The legislation that regulates IRA and quarantine is derived from the Ministries of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply and Fisheries and Aquaculture. The quarantine of MOF in Brazil is not undertaken by government agencies, but by commercial establishments that are registered with the Ministries, and is way too short. According to the data obtained, the precautionary approach is not applied at all in this trade, as scientific information is not contemplated by the legislation, and law is not enforced.     

Enregistrement de la variabilité hydroclimatique au cours des 6500 dernières années sur le littoral de Cabo Frio (Rio de Janeiro,Brésil)

This study concerns a core collected in Brejo do Espinho's lagoon from Cabo Frio littoral (Brazil) submitted to dry influence of local upwelling controlled by north-east trade winds from the South Atlantic and particularly strengthened during El Niño events. Diatoms study supported by sedimentological and isotopic analyses shows dry phases infrequent before 4000 yr, a highly variable climatic phase between 3600 and 2900 yr and from 2400 yr onward a dryness enhancement. To cite this article: B. Laslandes et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

平台巴西圆盘复合型加载下T应力计算法

平台巴西圆盘(CFBD)具有避免加载点处应力集中、保证破坏由预制裂纹尖端处起始的优点,成为研究脆性材料断裂性能的常用试件之一。最近的研究发现,T应力也会影响材料断裂性能,但平台巴西圆盘并没有计算T应力的解析公式。使用解析分析与有限元数值分析相结合的方法,对复合型加载条件下平台巴西圆盘试件的T应力进行了计算,并对误差进行了系统的分析。结果表明,在一定载荷分布角内相对裂纹长度 时,不管是纯I、纯II还是复合型加载条件下平台巴西圆盘计算的T应力都可以用中心裂纹巴西圆盘均布载荷下T应力计算公式来计算;T应力相对误差随着相对裂纹长度的增加而增加。     

The Varre-Sai chondrite,a Brazilian fall: petrology and geochemistry

The Varre-Sai meteorite fell along the border of the states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; on 19 June 2010 at 5:40 pm. Petrography and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) indicate that the rock is an L5 S4 chondrite, with blastoporphyritic texture that has not been previously described. Geochemical data based on major and rare-earth elements (REEs) show that Varre-Sai is highly similar to the other L chondrites. In Harker diagrams, Varre-Sai, L, and LL chondrites form a single group, suggesting no significant chemical differences between them and contributing to the long-standing debate of whether LL chondrites form a distinct group or whether they are a subset of the L group. Harker diagrams also define a trend from E to H and L/LL chondrites, similar to the cosmochemical trends suggested by other authors. The behaviour of Fe₂O_3t and NiO indicates a relationship with Fe-Ni alloys, and their trend in the diagram suggests some chemical differentiation in the ordinary chondrite parental bodies. The REE content in Varre-Sai, normalized to C chondrites, falls in the field of L chondrites and others, but with slight REE enrichment. The chemical differences in chondrites, mainly in REEs, Fe₂O_3t and NiO could be alternatively interpreted as variations in the inherited agglutinated materials as chondrules, Ca–Al-rich inclusions and Fe–Ni nodules.