Wave- and current-induced bottom shear stress distribution in the Gulf of Lions

Simulations of both currents and waves were performed throughout the year 2001 to assess the relative contribution of each to their overall erosive potential on the Gulf of Lions shelf. Statistical analysis of bottom shear stress (BSS) was compared to sediment grain-size distribution on the bottom. The hydrodynamic features of the bottom layer coincide with the distribution of surficial sediments, and three areas with different hydro-sedimentary characteristics were revealed. (i) The sandy inner shelf (<30 m) area is a high-energy-wave dominated area but may be subjected to intense current-induced BSS during on-shore winds along the coast and during continental winds mainly in the up-welling cells. (ii) The middle shelf (30–100 m) is a low-energy environment characterised by deposition of cohesive sediments, where the wave effect decreases with depth and current-induced BSS cannot reach the critical value for erosion of fine-grained sediments. (iii) The outer shelf, which has a higher bottom sand fraction than the middle shelf, may be affected by strong south-westward currents generated by on-shore winds, which can have an erosive effect on the fine-grained sediments.     

与电子产品安全有关的温度、湿度、气压条件分析

利用30年气象观测资料,对与电子产品的生产、储存、运输和安全使用有关的特殊温度、湿度、气压等气象环境条件进行了统计分析。     

Unusual behavior of the Kuroshio Current System from winter 1996 to summer 1997 revealed by ADEOS-OCTS and other data— Suggestion of topographically forced alternating-jet instability

While the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) was operating, the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio Extension, or the Kuroshio Current System, exhibited unusual behavior from the winter of 1996 to the summer of 1997. This behavior of the Kuroshio Current System has been closely studied using a time series of satellite observation images of SST and ocean color obtained by ADEOS-OCTS, reinforced by SST images obtained by NOAA-AVHRR. Our findings include (i) a long lasting, very southerly path of the Kuroshio Extension; (ii) a Kuroshio path very distant from Japan with the following alternating-jet-like north-south flow pattern of the Kuroshio Extension, which occurred twice, once in February and once in April 1997, as independent events and which was observed to be affected by the bottom topography of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge and Trench, and of the Japan Trench; (iii) cutting off of a cold water mass after the February event; and (iv) the formation of a vortex pair after the April event. A new mechanism is suggested for the formation of the alternating-jet flow pattern: a topographically forced alternating-jet instability (AJI). An SST-Chlorophyll Diagram (T-Chl Diagram) generated using simultaneous data from a single satellite is useful for analyzing the water mass structure of this region, including biological processes.     

浅谈国内外金刚石钻头的发展趋势——高效、低耗

通过对钻头结构、钻头胎体内在性能、烧结工艺及水力流场的研究,以达到金刚石钻头高效低耗的目标,对不同结构钻头分别进行试验,取得了良好的技术经济效果。     

安徽省突发气象灾害预警信号制作系统

介绍了国内及安徽省预警信号发布制作工作的现状,阐述了安徽省气象台突发气象灾害预警信号制作系统的设计思路、流程结构和主要功能。该系统设计合理,并利用计算机软件编程技术完成人机交互的系统界面,可以方便快捷地生成图文并茂的预警信号发布内容,解决突发气象灾害预警信号制作工作的及时性、一致性、完整性问题。     

南海西南次海盆与南沙地块的OBS探测和地壳结构

跨越南海西南次海盆南部陆缘和南沙地块中部的OBS973-1测线是南海南部首次采集的海底地震仪(OBS)广角反射与折射深地震测线,本文通过震相分析和走时正演拟合,获得了沿测线的二维纵波速度结构模型.模拟结果显示表层沉积物速度2.5~4.5 km/s,厚度1000~3000 m,局部基底面起伏较大.结晶基底的速度从顶部的4.5~5.5 km/s增加到地壳底部的6.8~6.9 km/s,中地壳有一个小的速度不连续面(0.1~0.2 km/s),而地壳底部的莫霍面有较大的速度反差(1.2 km/s),上地幔顶部的速度为8.0~8.1 km/s.莫霍面埋深和地壳厚度在测线的北段和南段有很大的不同,在测线北段的海盆区,莫霍面埋深约11 km,结晶地壳的厚度仅为5~6 km,表现为典型洋壳的特征,而在测线南段的陆块区,莫霍面埋深最大达24 km,地壳厚度可达20 km,表现为减薄陆壳的特征,从海盆区到陆块区莫霍面埋深和地壳厚度迅速增加.陆块区上下地壳的厚度和变化趋势相似,下地壳没有看到高速层(HVL),可能说明地壳内部是以纯剪拉张的均匀减薄为主,地壳下部的岩浆底侵不发育.对比OBS973-2和OBS973-3测线的结构模型,可以推测南沙地块的中部和东部具有相似的构造性质,西南次海盆两侧是一对非火山型的不对称共轭陆缘.     

钻头生产数控设备的快速维修方法

主要介绍在钻头设计制造中对数控设备的维修和故障排除经验。概述了数控设备的故障分类,分析了故障原因及其排除方法。这将为数控设备的管理人员、使用和维修人员提供一些方法和思路。     

Gravity-field improvement in the Mediterranean Sea by estimating the bottom topography using collocation

The contribution of bathymetry to the prediction of quantities related to the gravity field (e.g., gravity anomalies, geoid heights) is discussed in an extended test area of the central Mediterranean Sea. Sea gravity anomalies and a priori statistical characteristics of depths are used in a least-squares collocation procedure in order to produce new depths, giving a better smoothing of the gravity field when using a remove-restore procedure. The effect of the bottom topography on gravity-field modeling is studied using both the original and the new depths through a residual terrain modeling reduction. The numerical tests show a considerable smoothing of the sea gravity anomalies and the available altimeter heights when the new depth information is taken into account according to the covariance analysis performed. Moreover, geoid heights are computed by combining the sea gravity anomalies either with the original depths or with the new ones, using as a reference surface the OSU91A geopotential model. Comparing the computed geoid heights with adjusted altimeter sea-surface heights (SSHs), better results are obtained when subtracting the attraction of the new depth information. Similar results are obtained when predicting gravity anomalies from altimeter SSHs where the terrain effect on altimetry is based on the new bottom topography. Received: 10 September 1996 / Accepted: 4 August 1997     

底拖网网目长度和网线粗度的确定

提出了“网衣理论总强度”、“网衣相对强度”两个概念。解决了底拖网设计中根据母型例或设计参考网初步确定设计网网口网线粗度的问题。并根据“网衣理论总强度”和“网衣相对强度”概念统计出我国沿海各种渔船主机功率的底拖网各部位网衣理论总强度和网衣相对强度数字范围,为我国底拖网设计网目长度与网线粗度之间关系的处理提供了理论依据。     

Regime shifts in upwelling ecosystems: observed changes and possible mechanisms in the northern and southern Benguela

A regime shift is considered to be a sudden shift in structure and functioning of a marine ecosystem, affecting several living components and resulting in an alternate state. According to this definition, regime shifts differ from species replacement or alternation of species at similar trophic levels, whereby the ecosystem is not necessarily significantly altered in terms of its structure and function; only its species composition changes. This paper provides an overview of regime shifts, species replacements and alternations that have been observed in the northern and southern Benguela ecosystems over the past few decades. Bottom-up control, initiating and sustaining regime shifts or species replacements via environmental forcing, is documented for both the southern and the northern Benguela ecosystems. Fishing (a case of top-down control) appears to have played an important role in regime shift processes in the Namibian ecosystem. Very low biomass levels of exploited fish stocks associated with less efficient energy transfer in the northern Benguela are indicative of a regime shift. Very high biomass levels have been reached in the southern Benguela in the 2000s. However the alternation between sardine and anchovy that has been observed in the southern Benguela over the last two decades appears not to have had major effects on the overall functioning of the ecosystem. The consequences of regime shifts for exploitation are highlighted, suggesting that fisheries managers should move towards a more effective ecosystem approach to fisheries.