西双版纳勐宋地区鸟类多样性及人地关系初步研究

地理环境独特的西双版纳部分地区尚存不少资源丰盛,反映山区民族自然经济人地关系模式,鸟类多样性敏感地显示其相关性。在边远山区,必须全面了解人地关系的历史性及其生态过程、注意发扬当地持续管理林地的经验,不断协调人地关系,生物多样性保护,持续发展才会有更好的前景。     

我国19处滨海湿地繁殖季的水鸟调查和评价

为保护滨海湿地生境以及保持海洋生态平衡和生物多样性,文章选取我国19处具有代表性的滨海湿地,于2018年5-10月的水鸟繁殖季对滨海湿地水鸟进行调查,并基于调查结果评价其种类、数量、分布密度、受重点保护种类、生物多样性和威胁因素。研究结果表明:滨海湿地水鸟共计6目10科70种77680只,其中鸻鹬类、鸥类和鹭类是主要种类,红腹滨鹬(Calidriscanutus)数量明显居多;水鸟种数和分布密度的南北差异可能与大型底栖生物的分布有关;我国滨海湿地对于红腹滨鹬等7种水鸟的生存具有重要意义,且很多水鸟种类被列入国际和国内重点保护名录;滨海湿地水鸟的多样性指数整体处于较好水平,但地区差异较大,均匀度指数和丰富度指数的分布趋势类似;滨海湿地水鸟面临的威胁因素主要包括保护缺位、养殖利益、非法猎捕、围海造地和水体污染,亟须加强保护力度。     

青海湖意外湖花介(Limnocythere inopinata Bird)壳体稳定氧同位素组成对盐度的可能响应

介形类壳体的氧同位素组成已成为恢复湖区古气候/古环境的有效代用指标,而其氧同位素分馏及环境意义目前还缺乏研究.为评价青海湖介形类壳体氧同位素分馏及其环境意义,在青海湖进行系统的表层沉积物和水样的采集,测定表层沉积物中的意外湖花介(Limnocythere inopinata Bird)和相应水样的氧同位素组成.结果表明:意外湖花介壳体的氧同位素组成主要受控于水体的氧同位素组成,除温度的影响外,还可能受到盐度的影响,随着盐度变化,该种壳体与水体之间的同位素分馏呈减小趋势,而两者的氧同位素组成均呈偏正趋势.青海湖意外湖花介壳体的氧同位素组成在一定程度上可能间接反映水体盐度的变化,值得进行更深入的研究.     

固定翼航空电磁系统的线圈姿态及吊舱摆动影响研究与校正

固定翼时间域航空电磁探测系统在实际飞行测量过程中,发射线圈、接收线圈姿态和吊舱摆动状态不断变化,在测量数据中引入如发射磁矩方向、接收分量方向以及系统收发距等参数的误差,影响数据反演成像效果.本文基于固定翼时间域航空电磁正演理论,利用姿态变换,引入发射线圈、接收线圈双旋转矩阵;根据发射、接收线圈相对位置的几何关系,求得摆动格林张量;推导了任意姿态角度以及任意摆动角度情况下的固定翼航空电磁响应三分量计算表达式.通过层状大地模型的仿真计算,分别研究了发射、接收线圈各姿态以及吊舱摆动状态对航空电磁响应的影响,得出发射线圈、接收线圈俯仰旋转和吊舱同向摆动对系统电磁响应影响最强;仿真分析了实际测量中,三种角度同时存在情况下,航空电磁响应的定量变化规律.在此基础上,讨论了响应系数与大地电导率的关系,同时给出基于响应系数的固定翼航空电磁系统线圈姿态和摆动状态校正方法,准二维层状大地模型反演结果表明,校正后数据的反演精度提高了33.1%.     

崇明东滩鹆鹬类迁徙的环志研究

位于长江口的崇明东滩是东亚一澳大利西亚候鸟迁飞路线上一个重要的候鸟迁徙停歇地。保护区的环志工作始于1986年,自2002年,每年春季和秋季都进行较系统的环志工作。至2010年底,已环志鸺鹬类46种36800余只,其中超过95％的鸟佩带了代表长江口地区标识的黑白色足旗。其中大滨鹬、黑腹滨鹬和翘嘴鹬是崇明东滩环志数量最多的3种鸟类,环志数量分别为10631、3056和2746只。为了便于野外个体识别,保护区于2006年起在环志时尝试使用编码足旗,到2010年,共有9种1758只鸟佩戴了编码足旗。在环志过程中,总计有20种441只来自不同国家地区的环志鸟被回收。回收鸟中超过一半的鸟为大滨鹬,而且70％的回收鸟是在西北澳洲被环志的,表明崇明东滩与西北澳洲对于迁徙涉禽的保护上有非常紧密的联系。崇明东滩环志研究所获得的数据对于了解东亚一澳大利西亚迂徙涉禽的迂徙研究提供了宝贵资料。     

First report of the small bird track Koreanaornis from the Cretaceous of North America: implications for avian ichnotaxonomy and paleoecology

Although body fossils of shorebirds and shorebird-like species are extremely rare from the Cretaceous, rapid increase in the discovery of bird footprint sites provides valuable alternate evidence to help fill gaps in the story of the early evolution of shorebird-like species. Newly discovered bird tracks from the Albian-Cenomanian Dakota Formation in northeastern Utah represent the first report of the ichnogenus Koreanaornis from North America and only the second report of bird tracks from this formation. These tracks are not attributable to Aquatilavipes as previously claimed. Three well-preserved trackways are described and provisionally referred to Koreanaornis cf. hamanensis (Kim). However, a review of the ichnotaxonomy of shorebird ichnites reveals that this ichnotaxon also closely resembles the Miocene ichnospecies Avipeda sirin (Vyalov). This latter comparison points to the need for a thorough evaluation of the similarity between Mesozoic and Cenozoic avian ichnotaxa, which may be over-split in some cases and under-differentiated in others.The new material helps distinguish ichnogenus Koreanaornis from the larger bird track Aquatilavipes, which is more abundant and widespread in North America. In some cases Aquatilavipes has been incorrectly used as a catch-all ichnogenus both in North America and Asia. The Dakota Formation stratigraphy at the tracksite indicates that the track makers lived in a marginal marine paleoenvironment. However, despite the widespread distribution of such facies, often replete with dinosaur tracks, the bird track record of the Dakota Formation, and the Cretaceous of the western USA remains relatively sparse in comparison with other areas such as east Asia.     

Long-lived transpression in the Archean Bird River greenstone belt, western Superior Province, Southeastern Manitoba

The Archean Bird River greenstone belt (BRGB) is located on the southwestern edge of the Superior Province between the 3.2 Ga old Winnipeg River subprovince to the south and the metasedimentary belt of the English River subprovince (ERSP) to the north. This position between two major subprovinces makes the BRGB a primary target for investigating the geodynamic and kinematic evolution of a major structural boundary. New structural and geochronological data have allowed us to present an evolutionary framework for the southern boundary of the North Caribou superterrane. The BRGB underwent 3 main deformation phases. The D1 event took place ca. 2698 Ma and displays a north-side-up shearing. The D2 event, occurring at ca. 2684 Ma in a transpressive context, presents a complex structural pattern mixing vertical tectonics in the BRGB and strike-slip tectonics along the boundaries of the greenstone belt with other subprovinces. Between the BRGB and the ERSP, the 2832–2858 Ma old Maskwa batholith acted as a rigid passive block during the collision and marks the boundary between pure dextral strike-slip tectonics along his northern boundary with the ERSP and vertical south-side-up motion in the BRGB. The BRGB can be considered as a pop-up structure with anastomosed shear zones displaying different horizontal offset according to the orientation of the shear zones. The southern boundary with the Winnipeg River subprovince is represented by a sinistral south-side-up shear zone. The same pattern is found at the regional scale where major shear zones acted as a conjugate set in the horizontal plane. At ca. 2640 Ma, the D3 event occurred in a general dextral transpressive tectonic regime coeval with the emplacement of rare-elements pegmatitic plutons in a still hot (400–500 °C) country rock. The geodynamical and mechanical significance of the partitioning between pure strike-slip tectonics in the English River subprovince and vertical motion in the BRGB can be explained by the rheological behaviour of a hot and weak lithosphere undergoing transpressive strain. The structural framework of the BRGB is the result of strong interactions between hot and weak domains, coeval with widespread plutonism, and a rigid older domain (Maskwa batholith) during the D2 transpressive event.     

Can severely fragmented patches of riparian vegetation still be important for arid-land bird diversity?

The vegetation of riparian habitats is often distinct from that of the surrounding landscape, thus representing unique habitat for a variety of biota. Although highly mobile, birds often exhibit distinct species assemblages associated with habitat. Therefore, degradation or removal of riparian habitat, particularly in arid environments, may threaten bird diversity. Along the Vaal River, South Africa, mining and agriculture have reduced natural riparian habitat to ca. 9% of its former extent in the Northern Cape Province. We surveyed bird assemblages within intact riparian, savanna and bush-thickened habitats along the Vaal River to ascertain their importance to bird diversity. Avian abundance and species richness did not differ between the three habitats. Species composition of riparian bird assemblages was significantly different to that of savanna and bush-thickened habitats, however, which were not significantly different from each other, and more species were characteristic of riparian habitat (17 species) than bush-thickened (seven species) or savanna (one species) habitats. Of three species reaching the south-western limit of their African distribution, all occurred in riparian habitat. Thus, despite its fragmented nature, the riparian vegetation on the Vaal still supports an important component of avian diversity, and a landscape-level approach is required to manage this relatively rich, arid-land, river.     

Quick Bird遥感数据在龙羊峡库区白刺滩滑坡调查中的应用

应用具高分辨率、高清晰度、信息量丰富及数据时效性强等特点的QuickBird遥感数据,对龙羊峡库区白刺滩特大型滑坡进行遥感调查,利用先进的遥感数据处理技术,综合地质学、灾害学原理和地理空间信息技术,分析了白刺滩滑坡的形成条件、成因机理,认为龙羊峡库水强烈侵蚀和降雨综合作用是促进滑坡发生的主要诱发因素。