地球空间信息技术在新一轮国土资源大调查中的应用探讨

从分析全球变化和社会可持续发展研究的要求出发,提出地球空间信息技术的形成背景和应用基础。针对新一轮国土资源大调查的性质和任务,探讨了地球空间信息技术在新一轮国土资源大调查中的应用。     

位置不确定性与属性不确定性的场模型

不确定性是自地理信息系统发展与应用以来一个引起关注的课题。位置不确定性与属性不确定常常不加区分地被看作是可以单个讨论的问题。本文将借助场的概念和模型使二者得以统一的描述和分析;对于明确定义的离散目标,二者虽然可分别讨论,但却在数学上有着联合的基础;对于非明确定义的地理现象,二者以连续体的形式而存在,位置不确定性可以作为属性不确定性的空间映射而提取出来。     

孟连至包头地震期间地震的天体位置分析

本文分析了孟连地震至包头地震间中国发生的五次地震的天体位置。该五次震例都处于朔望日发震,且交替呈现,为中国地震史上最集中出现的群发朔望震。对此本文作了一些朔望对地震发机制的初步探讨,此外,也对引潮加速度对地震触发作用进行了计算和分析。     

Variation in soil saturated hydraulic conductivity along the hillslope of collapsing granite gullies

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) affects the soil hydrological process and is influenced by many factors that exhibit strong spatial variations. To accurately measure K_s and its scale, spatial variability and relationship with collapsing gullies, we analysed four double-ring infiltrometer diameters in three soil layers during in situ experiments designed to measure K_s in two typical collapsing gullies (three slope sites) in Tongcheng County of China. The results showed that K_s increased with increasing inner ring diameter, but no significant difference existed between inner diameters of 30 and 40 cm. The K_s in red soil layers was higher than that in sandy soil layers, the transition layers had the lowest values. K_s also varied with slope position, gradually decreasing with distance from the gully head. The suggestion is that the spatial variation in K_s is affected not only by the intrinsic soil properties but also by the interaction with the collapsing gully.     

断层氢气观测技术实验

采用ATG-6118H痕量氢在线自动分析仪,在朱夏-商丹断裂带南阳地区布设独山、马山口2个氢气观测台,研究设备取气深度、抽气时间设置长短对观测断层氢气浓度的影响,从而为利用痕量氢设备进行断层氢气观测提供参考依据。实验结果表明：①取气深度越浅,观测到的氢气浓度越高,日变化幅度越大;②集气管内氢气浓度偏低时,抽气时间设置略高于导气管路排空时间,氢气浓度明显变化,否则变化不明显。     

1951—2015年进入东海的台风频数及登陆点的变化

利用日本气象厅提供的西北太平洋台风最佳路径观测资料,选取东海海区为研究范围,统计处理1951—2015年台风各要素资料,研究进入东海海区的台风频数、台风登陆点位置、台风频数及登陆点位置与太平洋年代际振荡（Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO）及ENSO的关系、影响台风生成和移动的因素等。结果表明：1）每年的7—9月为东海海区的台风高发季,其中8月最高,登陆台风也有相似趋势。2）进入东海海域的台风频数存在较明显的年际和年代际变化趋势。当PDO处于暖位相时,台风频数较小且有上升趋势,反之亦然。El Niño年进入东海海区的台风频数较常年减少,反之亦然。Niño3.4指数与台风频数整体上为负相关关系,相关系数为-0.32且通过90%置信度检验。3）进入东海海域的台风登陆点纬度变化较大,处于24~36°N之间,且有年代际变化特征。当PDO处于暖（冷）位相时,台风登陆点偏北（偏南）且有向北（南）移动的趋势。而登陆点纬度与ENSO的关系较为复杂。4）西北太平洋副热带高压的位置和强度是引起台风频数及登陆点位置变化的主要原因之一。当PDO处于冷位相时,西北太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱,且副高中心向东向北方向移动,导致进入东海的台风频数偏多,且台风登陆点偏北,反之亦然。     

基于融和算法的二维Delaunay三角网任意点定位研究

二维Delaunay三角网中任意点定位的快慢是影响整个内插构网速度的关键因素。针对目前各种算法还不能在定位速度和穿越路径惟一性之间达到一个有效平衡,本文从计算机实现角度出发,将三角形面积坐标、重心和点与有向线段的关系三者有机结合,构建出一种新的点定位算法。算法定位路径惟一,速度快,是一种健壮高效的最短路径定位算法。     

同波束干涉测量在月面相对定位中的应用

基于同波束干涉测量原理和观测模型,针对月面目标特性,推导了给定着陆器先验位置的差分时延、差分时延率观测方程。引入指定高程约束、月球数字地形模型等约束方程,提出巡视器相对位置确定的卡尔曼滤波算法。通过仿真数据进行了验证和评估,表明该算法可快速、较高精度地确定月面巡视器相对着陆器的位置。     

The influence of geomorphological position and vegetation cover on the erosional and hydrological processes on a Mediterranean hillslope

Soil erosion and runoff rates are assumed to be highly dependent on slope position. However, little knowledge exists about the hydrogeomorphological processes at the pedon scale that support this idea. In order to assess the hydrological and erosional behaviour of soils at different slope positions, simulated rainfall experiments (55 mm was applied during one hour) were carried out on a south-facing slope with underlying limestone in south-east Spain. In the mean terms, the erosion rates (9 g m² hr⁻¹) and the runoff coefficients (12%) were very low at the scale of measurement (0·25 m²). The slope position does not affect erosion rates when the measurements are carried out under extreme dry conditions during summer. The low runoff rates found in summer under thunderstorms of high intensity (5 year return period) and the runon into surfaces with higher infiltration rates resulted in no detectable direct surface runoff (Hortonian) at the slope scale. This implies that erosion as a consequence of surface overland flow will only take place during events of high magnitude (55 mm hr⁻¹) and low frequency (>5 years). Vegetation is the most important factor determining the soil erosion and runoff rates within the slope. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于北斗卫星通信的地震应急指挥系统研究

北斗卫星导航系统是我国自主建设、独立运行、具有完全知识产权的卫星导航系统。其兼具定位及通信功能的独有技术优势特别适用于大震后通讯中断的地震应急环境。本研究将北斗卫星通信技术及地理信息技术结合应用于地震应急指挥系统的建设中：基于北斗卫星定位技术解决灾害现场人员的位置追踪;利用北斗短报文技术解决盲区紧急通信问题;采用串口通讯、多线程、SHH2框架、Web GIS等技术构建数据采集、解析及综合呈现平台。最终完成集位置监控、灾情上报、统计展示、指挥调度于一体的北斗应急指挥系统建设,进一步提升了重大地震灾害的应急救助信息保障能力。