Social and ecological constraints on decision making by transhumant pastoralists: a case study from the Moroccan Atlas Mountains

Transhumant pastoralism is an important activity in southern Morocco. Migration pattern of transhumant pastoralists can be affected by physical factors (e.g. droughts and diseases) or socioeconomic factors (e.g. schooling options for children and migration costs). We studied the spatio-temporal rangeland usage of the three tribes Ait Mgoun, Ait Zekri, and Ait Toumert in the south-central Atlas region with a two-fold approach. First, we tracked the migration movements of one representative transhumant herd using the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) collars, which record coordinates from satellite signals. Second, we interviewed herders to obtain information about general grazing practices of the respective tribe and to gain more direct information on motivations underlying decisions. For each tribe we observed small-, medium- and large-scale movements. We found that the most important drivers of migration decisions were seasonal fodder availability and weather conditions in combination with herd-specific risk and cost assessment, as well as personal factors. In conclusion, general migration patterns vary in time, both between and within the tribes, but according to a regulatory framework. Moreover, it appears that both the customary rules and its flexible adaptation to physical constraints are generally beneficial in terms of conservation of the arid and semiarid rangeland resources.     

Apatite fission-track analyses on basement granites from south-western Meseta, Morocco: Paleogeographic implications and interpretation of AFT age discrepancies

This work is based on apatite fission-track analysis of samples (mostly granites) from the basement of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Phosphate and Ganntour Plateaus, exposed in the Jebilet and Rehamna massifs (Western Meseta, Morocco). This basement belongs to the Carboniferous-Early Permian Variscan Belt, and the earlier marine onlap is Late Triassic in age. However, the AFT ages are post-Triassic and different in the Jebilet (186-203 Ma) and Rehamna (148-153 Ma). Track length modelling support the occurrence of moderate heating events during the Jurassic and the Eocene, respectively, with cooling during the Permian and Cretaceous intervals. These results are partly accounted for by considering a moderate subsidence during the Late Triassic-Liassic, which is a noticeable change in the regional paleogeographic concept of “West Moroccan Arch”. However, the discrepancies between the AFT results from the studied massifs make necessary to explore further explanation. We interpret the observed discrepancies by the difference in age and depth of crystallization of the sampled granites in the Variscan Orogen, i.e. 330 Ma, 5-6 km in the Jebilet versus ~ 300 Ma, 8-10 km in the Rehamna. The importance of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous uplift and erosion of the entire Meseta and that of its Late Eocene burial are emphasized.     

南极互联网电子地图的数据获取及管理机制研究

网络电子地图的关键技术包括服务器端地理信息数据的管理机制和客户端GIS软件实现方式.在南极网络电子地图的开发研究中,主要采用地理信息库管理和数据多级存储的方式尽量做到南极地区空间数据和属性数据的一体化管理,从而避免大量数据可能引发的网络瓶颈.这对于提高系统模块的伸缩性有重要意义.     

一体化地图制图信息系统的建立及其应用

由于新技术的发展和应用,地图制图信息系统提出了新的概念,地图生产和应用观念都发生了根本变化,地图学家在新时期下面临着新的机遇和挑战。为了促进我国地图学的发展,中科院地理所引进了美国INTERGRAPH系统,同时又开发了自己的电子地图创作系统EA-World,并研制了两系统之间的接口,使两系统结合成为一体化的地图制图信息系统。系统先后完成了多个国家级图集的印刷版和电子版的制作,取得了良好的效果。文中系统地介绍和总结了这一系统的构成、功能和特点及其工艺流程。     

面向海陆统筹的综合航海地图集基础地理框架构建

设计和编制海陆统筹的综合航海地图集服务于国家“构建海洋命运共同体”发展目标,同时也是促进海陆文化共融和海陆睦邻合作的重要推力,在当前地图学领域受到普遍关注。本文通过与航海专题图、陆地专题图的对比分析,从地图选题、比例尺、投影、地理分幅等方面探讨了海陆统筹地图集的表达特点,并从海陆并蓄视角出发,提出综合航海地图集基础地理框架的内容体系和构建策略。在此基础上,结合《世界航海地图集》的编制实践设计了其基础地理框架的具体建立方案：(1)中小比例尺地图使用WGS84坐标系,较大比例尺地图使用CGCS2000坐标系;(2)根据专题内容、制图区域、变形需要,制图单元可以使用等差分纬线多圆锥、墨卡托、古德等多种投影;(3)地理底图分为世界地图、典型区域地图、陆地地图、海域地图、航区地图、港口地图6种图型,其系列比例尺内容需按一定规则进行取舍和化简派生得到;(4)地图制图单元采用北方定向,联合地理分幅和地图分幅可生成灵活的图面布局。世界航海专题图集的编制实践表明,应用本文建立的基础地理框架能较好实现海洋与陆地的协调统一表达。     

四川省城镇土地级别与基准地价图集及查询系统研制

本文研究分析了四川省城镇土地级别、基准地价图集及查询系统等相关问题,阐述了系统总体设计、内容选择、表示方法、制作技术及其特点等。     

地学信息图谱－空间分析模型构建与土地利用格局空间变化研究

文章以松嫩平原为例,开展土地利用格局空间变化研究。该区包括白城市、松原市等10个市县,土地面积46930km2。半个世纪以来,该区的土地利用格局发生了较大的变化,湿地萎缩、草地退化、土地沙化、土地盐碱化,荒漠化迅速发展,制约该区的可持续发展。本文以多元遥感数据为空间数据源,以3S技术为支持,以1km×1km的栅格单元为最小信息图谱单元,构建地学信息图谱－空间分析模型,进行土地利用变化研究; 土地利用格局及其影响因子的空间回归分析; 及土地利用格局空间变化趋势预测。研究结果表明,到2019年该区的土地利用结构与功能将发生巨大的变化,湿地、水域、草地的面积分别减少61.37%,52.45%和45.77%,盐碱地面积增加21.76%。盐碱荒漠化将进一步扩张。因此,必须及早制订相应的对策与方案。
文章将地学信息图谱方法与空间分析方法相融合,构成地学信息图谱－CA­Markov耦合模型,以栅格图谱数据－元胞图形数据进行模型运算,将复杂的、变化的生态景观特征以图谱的形式展现出来。从而使研究的全过程实现了栅格化、数字化、空间化、动态化和图谱化。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.     

中国近代城市体系的位序规模特征——基于1936年《中华民国邮政舆图》的分析

以往的中国历史时期城市体系的研究,受限于系统城市人口数据的缺失,无法进行定量化的城市体系位序规模分析。本文通过数字化1936年《中华民国邮政舆图》,在其13240个邮政网点和40余万km邮路的基础之上,分析得到了邮政网点和邮路核密度空间分布,利用泰森多边形和分区统计等GIS工具给近代中国城市的邮政能力T赋值。以T值作为城市规模的代用指标,进行城市体系的位序规模分析。结论显示：① 基于T值的近代中国城市位序规模分布符合齐普夫法则;② 1936年存在京津冀、长三角、珠三角、武汉和成都—巴县5个邮政聚集区;③ 1936年邮政网点和邮路空间分布存在“胡焕庸线”两侧的巨大空间分野,其西北半壁网点占比略少于人口占比,但高等级网点和邮路里程占比远高于人口占比;④ 本文将近代中国城市体系研究的样本量从以往的200左右（城市人口）提高到2360（T值）,第一次发现了1936年中国城市位序规模曲线独特的“中段凹陷”而导致的曲线整体“三段式”分布,迥异于同时期的美国和当下之中国,近代约50个左右城市的开埠通商是造成“头部”城市在城市规模上与中等规模城市拉开差距的关键因素;⑤ 邮政能力T值可视为近代中国城市规模的一个优秀代用指标。     

Charophyte biostratigraphy of the non-marine Lower Cretaceous in the Central Tunisian Atlas (North Africa): Palaeobiogeographic implications

The chronostratigraphic framework of the non-marine deposits of the Central Tunisian Lower Cretaceous (Kebar Formation) is reviewed from a biostratigraphic viewpoint. The outcrops located in the Jebel Kebar, Jebel Ksaïra and Jebel Koumine localities provided charophyte assemblages belonging to two biochronozones: Ascidiella cruciata-Pseudoglobator paucibracteatus (upper Barremian–lower Aptian) and Clavator grovesii lusitanicus (upper Aptian–lower Albian). Clavatoraceans from the upper Barremian–lower Aptian in the Tunisian Atlas are reported here for the first time. The assemblage consists of Atopochara trivolvis var. triquetra, Ascidiella iberica var. inflata, Globator maillardii var. trochiliscoides, Globator maillardii var. biutricularis, Echinochara peckii var. lazarii, Clavator harrisii var. harrisii and Clavator harrisii var. reyi. In addition, a new characean species, Mesochara magna nov. sp. Trabelsi and Martín-Closas, is described herein. The results show that the Kebar Formation is diachronous in Central Tunisia, with a more complete record to the north (Jebel Koumine) than in the type locality (Jebel Kebar). Barremian–Aptian diapiric activity is proposed as the factor that controls the diachronous nature of this formation.The late Barremian–early Aptian charophyte assemblages from the Kebar Formation display strong affinities with the contemporaneous floras of the European basins, thus suggesting that intense supraregional floristic exchanges occurred between the Tethyan islands scattered throughout what is now Western Europe and North Africa. The biogeographic distribution of these charophytes leads to the hypothesis that the peri-Tethyan Archipelago acted as an effective bridge for the intercontinental exchanges of these plants between Laurasia and Gondwana.