Accretionary nature of the crust of Central and East Java (Indonesia) revealed by local earthquake travel-time tomography

Reassessment of travel time data from an exceptionally dense, amphibious, temporary seismic network on- and offshore Central and Eastern Java (MERAMEX) confirms the accretionary nature of the crust in this segment of the Sunda subduction zone (109.5–111.5E). Traveltime data of P- and S-waves of 244 local earthquakes were tomographically inverted, following a staggered inversion approach. The resolution of the inversion was inspected by utilizing synthetic recovery tests and analyzing the model resolution matrix. The resulting images show a highly asymmetrical crustal structure. The images can be interpreted to show a continental fragment of presumably Gondwana origin in the coastal area (east of 110E), which has been accreted to the Sundaland margin. An interlaced anomaly of high seismic velocities indicating mafic material can be interpreted to be the mantle part of the continental fragment, or part of obducted oceanic lithosphere. Lower than average crustal velocities of the Java crust are likely to reflect ophiolitic and metamorphic rocks of a subduction melange.     

义敦岛弧带夏塞银铅锌矿床地质、物化探特征及综合找矿模型

夏塞银铅锌矿床位于义敦岛弧带中段,为典型的与早白垩世A型花岗岩有关的热液脉型矿床。矿体呈脉状、透镜状产于NNW向断裂构造中,具有向北侧伏、尖灭再现特点。从花岗岩体接触带往北发育Sn-Cu→Cu-Zn→Ag-Pb矿化分带。硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化等蚀变与成矿关系密切。成矿过程划分为锡石、毒砂、闪锌矿-黄铜矿、含银矿物-方铅矿、黄铁矿-碳酸盐5个成矿阶段。高精度磁法测量ΔT正异常能有效识别矿化带或控矿断裂带。土壤地球化学测量Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu元素变化曲线峰值能指示矿化体的存在。据此建立了夏塞银铅锌矿床地质、磁法和土壤地球化学测量综合找矿模型,经验证找矿效果良好。有望为夏塞—连龙银锡多金属矿集区热液脉型矿床找矿勘查和评价工作提供重要参考。     

U–Pb ages of detrital zircons within the Inthanon Zone of the Paleo-Tethyan subduction zone,northern Thailand: New constraints on accretionary age and arc activity

U–Pb dating of detrital zircons was performed on mélange-hosted lithic and basaltic sandstones from the Inthanon Zone in northern Thailand to determine the timing of accretion and arc activity associated with Paleo-Tethys subduction. The detrital zircons have peak ages at 3400–3200, 2600–2400, 1000–700, 600–400, and 300–250 Ma, similar to the peaks ages of detrital zircons associated with other circum-Paleo-Tethys subduction zones. We identified two types of sandstone in the study area based on the youngest detrital zircon ages: Type 1 sandstones have Late Carboniferous youngest zircon U–Pb ages of 308 ± 14 and 300 ± 16 Ma, older than associated radiolarian chert blocks within the same outcrop. In contrast, Type 2 sandstones have youngest zircon U–Pb ages of 238 ± 10 and 236 ± 15 Ma, suggesting a Middle Triassic maximum depositional age. The youngest detrital zircons in Type 1 sandstones were derived from a Late Carboniferous–Early Permian ‘missing’ arc, suggesting that the Sukhothai Arc was active during sedimentation. The data presented within this study provide information on the development of the Sukhothai Arc, and further suggest that subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic plate beneath the Indochina Block had already commenced by the Late Carboniferous. Significant Middle Triassic arc magmatism, following the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian arc activity, is inferred from the presence of conspicuous detrital zircon U–Pb age peaks in Type 2 sandstones and the igneous rock record of the Sukhothai Arc. In contrast, only minimal arc activity occurred during the Middle Permian–earliest Triassic. Type 1 sandstones were deposited between the Late Permian and the earliest Triassic, after the deposition of associated Middle–Late Permian cherts that occur in the same mélanges and during a hiatus in Sukhothai Arc magmatism. In contrast, Type 2 sandstones were deposited during the Middle Triassic, coincident with the timing of maximum magmatism in the Sukhothai Arc, as evidenced by the presence of abundant Middle Triassic detrital zircons. These two types of sandstone were probably derived from discrete accretionary units in an original accretionary prism that was located along the western margin of the Sukhothai Arc.     

Complex slab structure and arc magmatism beneath the Japanese Islands

A dense nationwide seismic network recently constructed in Japan has resulted in the production of a large amount of high-quality data that have enabled the high-resolution imaging of deep seismic structures in the Japanese subduction zone. Seismic tomography, precise locations of earthquakes, and focal mechanism research have allowed the identification of the complex structure of subducting slabs beneath Japan, revealing that the subducting Philippine Sea slab underneath southwestern Japan has an undulatory configuration down to a depth of 60–200 km, and is continuous from Kanto to Kyushu without disruption or splitting, even within areas north of the Izu Peninsula. Analysis of the geometry of the Pacific and Philippine Sea slabs identified a broad contact zone beneath the Kanto Plain that causes anomalously deep interplate and intraslab earthquake activity. Seismic tomographic inversions using both teleseismic and local events provide a clear image of the deep aseismic portion of the Philippine Sea slab beneath the Japan Sea north of Chugoku and Kyushu, and beneath the East China Sea west of Kyushu down to a depth of ∼450 km. Seismic tomography also allowed the identification of an inclined sheet-like seismic low-velocity zone in the mantle wedge beneath Tohoku. A recent seismic tomography work further revealed clear images of similar inclined low-velocity zones in the mantle wedge for almost all other areas of Japan. The presence of the inclined low-velocity zones in the mantle wedge across the entirety of Japan suggests that it is a common feature to all subduction zones. These low-velocity zones may correspond to the upwelling flow portion of subduction-induced convection systems. These upwelling flows reach the Moho directly beneath active volcanic areas, suggesting a link between volcanism and upwelling.     

皖南旌德花岗闪长岩与暗色包体的成因: 地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素制约

旌德复式岩体位于安徽南部,主体相花岗闪长岩中发育暗色包体。本文对花岗闪长岩与暗色包体进行了岩相学观察、全岩主微量元素分析、锆石U-Pb定年与Hf同位素测试。岩相学观察发现暗色包体为典型岩浆岩结构,且发育针状磷灰石。主量元素分析数据表明花岗闪长岩的SiO₂含量为66.04%~67.80%;暗色包体的SiO₂含量为54.63%~54.77%,为二长闪长岩。花岗闪长岩的Mg^#=38~40;暗色包体的Mg^#=44~45。微量元素分析数据表明花岗闪长岩与暗色包体的REE球粒陨石标准化图呈右倾型,Eu负异常;大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素亏损。锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素研究表明,花岗闪长岩与暗色包体的年龄分别为139.7±1.3Ma和142.3±1.7Ma,在误差范围内一致。花岗闪长岩锆石的ε_Hf(t)为-2.5~0.4,地壳模式年龄(t_DM^C)为1170~1350Ma;暗色包体锆石的ε_Hf(t)为-5.2~1.8,地壳模式年龄(t_DM^C)为1090~1530Ma。两者的t_DM^C峰值都在1.2~1.3Ga。这些数据表明花岗闪长岩中的暗色包体为同源岩浆混合成因,源区为年轻地壳,有可能为中新元古代古华南洋壳俯冲扬子板块形成的火山岛弧。旌德花岗闪长岩在Pearce et al.(1984)的构造判别图上落在岛弧花岗岩区。在Sr/Y-Y图解上落在经典岛弧岩浆岩区。花岗闪长岩的岩浆Zr饱和温度低(630~680℃),与锆石钛温度计(630~720℃)给出的结果基本一致。锆石的Ce(Ⅳ)/Ce(Ⅲ)高(240~530),指示岩浆具有高的氧逸度。旌德岩体的低温与高氧逸度特征说明岩体的源区物质受到过洋壳俯冲的影响。旌德岩体的成因可能与太平洋板块后撤诱发的地壳部分熔融有关。     

中天山早奥陶世弧岩浆岩的确定——来自桑树园子一带花岗质片麻岩年代学和地球化学证据

对新疆中天山东段桑树园子一带侵入中元古界星星峡群中的花岗质片麻岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,花岗质片麻岩原岩形成时代为(475.7±1.6) Ma,属早奥陶世岩浆活动产物,同时锆石25个测点中未发现有任何前寒武纪的残存锆石或时代信息.结合造岩矿物组合特征,认为其原岩为中-酸性侵入岩.岩石地球化学分析表明,花岗质片麻岩SiO2含量为62.45％～66.52％,K2O/Na2O变化于1.74～1.99,A/CNK值介于0.94～0.95,具高钾和弱过铝质的特征.稀土分布曲线呈右倾轻稀土富集型,弱的负铕异常,δEu值为0.69～0.76.岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Sr,Ba,K等,亏损Nb和Ta等高场强元素及Ti和P,具Ⅰ型花岗岩特征.微量元素构造环境判别图解表明,花岗质片麻岩原岩可能形成于与俯冲有关的大陆边缘弧构造环境.结合岩石的锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果和区域地质背景,认为桑树园子花岗质片麻岩原岩可能是以干沟蛇绿岩为代表的中天山北缘古大洋向南俯冲的弧岩浆岩记录.     

云南中甸地区翁水晚三叠世火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

“三江”构造带中甸弧北部的印支期岩浆活动目前尚无正式的研究报道.本文的岩石学及年代学的研究表明,中甸弧北部的翁水地区存在印支期中酸性岩浆活动,锆石U-Pb定年结果显示这些火山岩在211.1±1.5Ma喷发,与该地区的印支期火山岩与斑岩矿床的成矿斑岩的形成时代一致.翁水安山岩岩石地球化学特征显示其以中性的安山岩为主,具有亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素的典型岛弧岩浆成分特征.与同一构造单元内中句弧南部的烂泥塘-浪都安山岩进行主、微量元素的对比研究发现,两者均具有正常岛弧火山岩的成分组成特征.结合其形成时代和构造背景,初步认为中甸弧北部的翁水和南部的烂泥塘-浪都安山岩以及该区域的成矿斑岩很可能形成于同一构造-岩浆事件,都是甘孜-理塘洋晚三叠世俯冲作用的岩浆产物.     

Submarine Hydrothermal Mineralization on the Izu–Bonin Arc,South of Japan: An Overview

Abstract

Considerable effort has been expended in studying the Izu–Bonin Arc over the past 15 years. In particular, 43 dives of the Shinkai 2000 have been undertaken there to discover and evaluate the extent of submarine hydrothermal activity and mineralization. Most effort has been focused on Myojin Knoll (23 dives), Suiyo Seamount (6 dives), and Kaikata Caldera (10 dives).

The Izu–Bonin Arc is divided in two by the Sofugan Tectonic Line. Eight submarine caldera are located north of this line but only one is south of it. The physiography of the northern sector of the arc is quite different from that of the southern sector. Volcanic rocks from the northern sector are more acidic than those from the southern sector.

Evidence for submarine hydrothermal mineralization has been observed at four seamounts along the Izu–Bonin Arc (Myojin Knoll, Myojinsho, Suiyo Seamount, and Kaikata Caldera), and submarine hydrothermal activity is evident at another three seamounts along the arc (Kurose Hole, Mokuyo Seamount, and Doyo Seamount).

The most extensive submarine hydrothermal mineral deposit so far located on the Izu–Bonin Arc is the Sunrise deposit at Myojin Knoll. This deposit, at least 400 m in diameter and 30 m high, is associated with black smoker venting, inactive sulfide chimneys, massive sulfides, hydrothermal Mn crusts, and a hydrothermal vent fauna. The maximum recorded temperature of the hydrothermal vents there was 278°C. Some of the sulfide chimneys contained as much as 49 μg/g Au and 3,400 μg/g Ag. The sunrise deposit is one of the largest submarine volcanic massive sulfide deposits so far discovered in midocean ridge, backarc, or arc settings and has an estimated mass of 9 × 10⁶ t. This deposit may be of the Kuroko-type. The discovery of the Sunrise deposit in 1997 gives hope that other, similarly large, sulfide deposits may be found in other caldera along the Izu–Bonin Arc.

The geological variability along the arc, the high seismicity, the occurrence of active volcanism and submarine hydrothermal venting, and a proven submarine hydrothermal mineral potential coupled with the proximity of the region to Japan suggest that the Izu–Bonin Arc could profitably serve as a natural laboratory for the long-term monitoring of the seafloor.     

Regional geochemistry of sediments from the Hellenic volcanic arc in regard to submarine hydrothermal activity

Some 600 surface sediment samples from the Hellenic Volcanic Arc region have been analyzed by bulk and HCl selective leach geochemical techniques. Geostatisti‐cal analysis, followed by further selective leaches on a number of samples, has been used in order to identify any regional hydrothermal influence on the sediments and/or any local hydrothermal metal enrichments. The two main sediment components affecting the geochemical variability in the region are biogenic carbonate and volcaniclastic/terrigenous detritus. Proximity to islands appears to be the primary factor controlling the variability in these components. Sediments from deeper water, to the south of the Hellenic Volcanic Arc and in the Anydros Basin, exhibit some elevated levels of Mn, Co, and Cu, probably of hydrogenous origin. No widespread hydrothermal influence to the sediments in the region is recognized, although this could in part be due to the high sedimentation rates in the region. Localized hydrothermal inputs to sediments are, however, recognized proximal to Santorini, in particular within the northern part of the central caldera. These are predominantly of Fe and associated adsorbed/coprecipitated elements along with some Mn enrichment. Several samples proximal to Milos, just off the coast in the northern part of the central Milos embayment, also show enrichments of commonly hydrothermally associated elements, including Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Data suggest that these enrichments could, in part, be due to weathering of “on‐land”; mineralization as well as hydrothermal inputs.     

杭州市高温致灾因子危险性风险区划

利用杭州市各气象观测站和自动气象站多年气温资料,以及数理统计方法和Arc GIS空间分析技术,采用极端高温与高温日数作为高温致灾因子风险的主要评价指标,分析杭州市高温天气的气候特征,对杭州市高温灾害致灾因子危险性进行了区划。结果表明,杭州市高温天气灾害较为严重,常出现38.0℃以上的高温,40.0℃以上也不少见,最高达到42.9℃;高温日数较长,最长持续时间超过50 d。杭州市高温灾害危险性风险高值区大部分集中在杭州城区所在的东北部平原,包括上城区、下城区、拱墅区、江干区、滨江区、西湖区西南部、萧山区及余杭区大部。另外,富春江、分水江等沿江两岸,西南部的河谷、盆地以及中部地势较复杂的谷地、盆地等低海拔地区也处于高温危险性中高值区域;北部天目山、西北部昱岭及白际山、西南部千里岗山及龙门山脉高海拔地区均属于危险性风险低值区域。